Easier or Tighter?

       Central Bank News, which tracks the monetary policy stance of 104 central banks, publishes the following Global Monetary Policy Changes (GMPC), a country-by-country overview of changes to monetary policy. 
      GMPC aims to capture changes to a wide range of monetary policy instruments, not just key interests rates but also changes to reserve requirements, bond purchases or foreign exchange rates to understand whether the monetary conditions become tighter of easier.
      GMPC complements Central Bank News' other products, such as the Global Interest Rate Monitor (GIRM), which tracks official policy rates, and Global Monetary Policy Highlights (GMPH), which summarizes interest changes each month.
       GMPC includes an alphabetical list of countries with changes to their monetary policy.
      
    
      CHANGES TO POLICY RATE YEAR TO DATE
      During the past week - week 5 of 2022 - 16 central banks took monetary policy decisions, resulting in 7 changes to policy interest rates with rates raised 7 times.
 
       Year-to-date central banks worldwide have taken 51 monetary policy decisions, with the policy rate lowered 3 times, the rate increased 24 times and the rate left unchanged 24 times.

       Cuts to interest rates thus account for 11.1% of the 27 changes to the policy rate year-to-date, down from 15.0% from the previous week.
       Rate increases account for 88.9% of all changes to the policy rate year-to-date, up from from 85.0% the previous week.


      LIST OF 3 RATE CUTS IN 2022 BY 3 CENTRAL BANKS: 
      Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan and China.
      
      LIST OF 24 RATE RISES in 2022 BY 24 CENTRAL BANKS: 
      Poland, Uruguay, Argentina, Peru, Romania, Moldova, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, Paraguay, Kazakhstan, Hungary, Chile, Costa Rica, South Africa, Azerbaijan, Colombia, Kyrgyzstan, Dominican Republic, Armenia, Lesotho, Brazil, United Kingdom and Czech Republic.
      
      
      EASING VS TIGHTENING
      In addition to raising or lowering the policy rate, central banks also change their monetary policy stance by other tools, such as raising or lowering banks' reserve requirements, asset purchases or changing foreign exchange rates.

      Last week (week 5 of 2022) central banks made 10 changes to their overall policy stance, including the 7 changes to the policy rate.
     Year-to-date central banks have made 35 changes to their monetary policy stance, with 3 moves aimed at easing the policy stance, or 8.6% of all changes, down from 12% in the previous week.
      In comparison, in 2021 central banks took 50 steps toward easing their monetary policy stance, which accounted for 24.9% of all changes to monetary policy, whereas in 2020 monetary easing steps accounted for 96.3% of all changes to monetary policy.
     Rate cuts account for 8.6% of all changes to the monetary policy stance in 2022, down from 12% the previous week and compared with 8.5% in 2021.

     Decisions aimed at tightening the monetary policy stance account for 91.4% of all changes to monetary policy so far in 2022, up from 88.0% in the previous week and up from 87% in 2021.
     Interest rate increases account for 68.6% of all changes to monetary policy year-to-date, up from 68.0% in the previous week and up from 61.7% in 2021.
         
      
      CUMULATIVE SIZE OF RATE CUTS 2022: 410 basis points
      
      CUMULATIVE SIZE OF RATE RISES 2022: 1,650 basis points

      NET CHANGE IN RATES 2022: +1,240 basis points

      GLOBAL MONETARY POLICY RATE: 5.63%, up 12 basis point since start of 2022.

                                                              ------

     EASIER VS TIGHTER COMPARED WTH EARLIER YEARS
     2022: 27 central banks have tightened monetary policy year-to-date and 3 have eased, global net tightening by 24 central banks.
     2021: 50 central banks tightened monetary policy and 27 eased, global net tightening by 23 central banks.
     2020: 10 central banks tightened monetary policy and 93 eased, global net easing by 83 central banks.
     2019: 17 central banks tightened monetary policy and 67 eased, global net easing by 50 banks
     2018: 43 central banks tightened monetary policy and 32 eased, global net tightening by 11 banks
     2017: 28 central banks tightened monetary policy and 34 eased, global net easing by 6 banks
     2016: 29 central banks tightened monetary policy and 46 eased, global net easing by 17 banks
     2015: 48 central banks tightened monetary policy and 34 eased, global net tightening by 14 banks

      
      2022 MONETARY POLICY CHANGES BY MONTH:

      FEBRUARY:
      EASING: None
      TIGHTENING: Armenia, Lesotho, Brazil, United Kingdom and Czech Republic raise rates. Australia ends bond purchases and ECB ends asset purchases under pandemic emergency purchase program.

      JANUARY:
      EASING: Congo, South Sudan and China cut rates.
      TIGHTENING: Poland, Uruguay, Argentina, Peru, Romania, Moldova, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, Paraguay, Kazakhstan, Hungary, Chile, Costa Rica, South Africa, Azerbaijan, Colombia, Kyrgyzstan and Dominican Republic raise rates.
      Indonesia to raise reserve requirements in 3 steps, Kazakhstan withdraws from stimulus measures, Singapore raises slightly rate of appreciation of Singapore dollar band and Australia ends bond purchases.


     
     2022 MONETARY POLICY RATE CHANGES BY MARKETS:

     DEVELOPED MARKETS: Central banks in developed markets have decided on monetary policy 5 times in 2022, with 1 central bank (the Bank of England) raising its rate and the other 4 decisions ending in unchanged rates.

     EMERGING MARKETS: Central banks in emerging markets have decided on monetary policy 14 times in 2022, with 9 decisions ending in rate hikes: Poland, Peru, South Korea, Hungary, Chile, South Africa, Colombia, Brazil and Czech Republic.
     One decision, by China, ended in a rate cut and 4 decisions ending in unchanged rates.

     FRONTIER MARKETS: Central banks in frontier markets have decided on monetary policy 5 times in 2022, with 4 decisions resulting in rate hikes: Romania, Sri Lanka, Ukraine and Kazkhstan.
     One decision ended with interest rates being maintained.
      
     OTHER MARKETS: Central banks in other markets have decided on monetary policy 12 times in 2022.
     10 central banks have raised rates: Uruguay, Argentina, Moldova, Paraguay, Costa Rica, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Dominican Republic, Armenia and Lesotho.
     2 central banks have cut rates: Congo and South Sudan.

                                                             
                                                             2022 GMPC

ARGENTINA

Jan 6: benchmark 28-day Leliq rate raised 200 bps to 40.0% as part of a redesign of monetary policy instruments to meet the 2022 goal of setting interest rates that result in a positive real return on investments in pesos, and preserve monetary and exchange rate stability.

ARMENIA

Feb 1: refinancing rate raised 25 bps to 8.0% as the risks of inflation deviating from its projected trajectory are mainly upwards and if these risks materialize, the Bank will respond accordingly and ensure the goal of price stability.


AUSTRALIA

Feb 1: further purchases under the bond purchase program to be ended, with the final purchases to take place on Feb. 10. Ceasing bond purchases does not imply a near-term increase in interest rates and while inflation has picked up, it is too early to conclude it is sustainably within the target band

AZERBAIJAN

Jan 28: discount rate raised 25 bps to 7.50% as inflationary pressures have continued to rise.


BRAZIL

Feb 2: Selic rate raised 150 bps to 10.75% and while monetary tightening will persist until inflation decelerates and inflation expectations anchor around the target, the size of rate increases will be reduced in future policy decisions.


CHILE

Jan 26: monetary policy rate raised 150 bps to 5.50% as there are still significant risks of higher inflation as recent data on economic activity and inflation are above latest forecast at the same time inflationary pressures from abroad have risen.


CHINA

Jan 20: Loan Prime Rate (LPR) cut 10 bps to 3.70%, the same week the rate on the medium-term lending facility (MLF) was cut by 10 bps to 2.85%.


COLOMBIA

Jan 28: interest rate raised 100 bps to 4.0% due to higher-than-expected inflation and a significant increase in inflation expectations.


CONGO

Jan 2: key interest rate cut 100 bps to 7.50%, helping strengthen the financing of the economy in Congolese francs and thus support de-dollarization of the economy amid greater control of inflation.


COSTA RICA

Jan 26: policy rate raised 50 bps to 1.75% as risks to inflation remain tilted to the upside and Bank expects to continue to raise the rate gradually to reach a neutral monetary policy stance.


CZECH REPUBLIC

Feb 3: 2-week repurchase rate raised 75 bps to 4.50% to push inflation down to the target and anchor firms’ and households’ inflation expectations. Future monetary policy steps will depend on incoming new information and forecasts.


DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Jan 31: monetary policy rate raised 50 bps to 5.0% as part of the normalization of monetary policy aimed at moderating shocks on prices and help inflation converge toward the target range.


EURO AREA

Feb. 3: asset purchases under the pandemic emergency purchase program (PEPP) to be ended at the end of March, as decided in December 2021, while monthly asset purchases under the Asset Purchase Program (APP) will be increased in the second and third quarters to 40 billion euros and 30 billion, respectively, before returning to the previous monthly pace of 20 billion.


HUNGARY

Jan 25: base rate raised 50 bps to 2.90% and Bank will continue the cycle of interest hikes until the outlook for inflation stabilizes around the target and inflation risks become evenly balanced.


INDONESIA

Jan 20: To normalize the loose liquidity conditions the rupiah reserve requirement for conventional banks will be gradually raised in three steps. As of March 1, the reserve requirement will be raised 150 bps to 5.0%, then on June 1 it will be raised 100 bps to 6.0% and on Sept. 1 the requirement will be raised 50 bps to 6.5%. BI will provide reserve requirement remuneration of 1.5%.


KAZAKHSTAN

Jan 24: Base rate raised 50 bps to 10.25% to reduce inflation expectations and bring inflation back to the target range by the end of 2022.


KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

Jan 31: discount rate raised 50 bps to 8.50% to curb high inflationary pressures


LESOTHO

Feb 1: CBL rate raised 25 bps to 4.0% to ensure the domestic cost of funds remains aligned with the rest of the region.


MOLDOVA

Jan 13: interest rate on short-term monetary policy operations raised 200 bps to 8.50% and ratio on required reserves on leu by 200 bps to 28.0% to temper inflationary pressures and the effects of shocks on the economy.


PARAGUAY

Jan 21: monetary policy rate raised 25 bps to 5.50% but pace of tightening slowed due to a weaker economic outlook from drought and the latest wave of COVID-19 pandemic.


PERU

Jan 6: reference rate raised 50 bps to 3.0% and board expects to continue normalizing monetary policy stance in coming months based on current information.


POLAND

Jan. 4: reference rate raised 50 bps to 2.25% to reduce inflation to its target, with extent of monetary tightening needed to reach goal to depend on new information about inflation, economic growth and the labour market.

ROMANIA

Jan 10: monetary policy rate raised 25 bps to 2.0% as monetary policy is gradually normalizes amid a worsening outlook for inflation in the near term while economic activity came to a standstill in the fourth quarter of 2021 due to a fourth wave of the pandemic, supply bottlenecks and the energy crises.


SINGAPORE

Jan 25: raises rate of appreciation of Singapore dollar against basket of currencies as inflation outlook had shifted further upward amid confluence of recovering global demand and persistent supply-side frictions.


SOUTH AFRICA

Jan 27: repurchase rate raised 25 bps to 4.0%, with gradual rise in interest rates sufficient to keep inflation expectations well anchored, and thus moderate the future path of rates given the expected trajectory of inflation and upside risks.


SOUTH KOREA

Jan 14: base rate raised 25 bps to 1.25% and degree of monetary policy accommodation will be appropriately adjusted as Korean economy is expected to continue its sound growth and inflation to run above the target for a considerable time.


SOUTH SUDAN

Jan 11: central bank rate cut 300 bps to 12.0% and minimum reserve requirement on local deposits 500 bps to 15.0% to achieve 1.0% economic growth in fiscal 2021/22, maintain inflation in single digits at  8.0%, plus/minus 1 percentage points, boost lending to the private sector and increase international reserves.


SRI LANKA

Jan 20: Standing Deposit Facility Rate (SDFR) and Standing Lending Facility Rate (SLFR) raised 50 bps each to 5.50% and 6.50% respectively, and further measures taken to boost foreign exchange reserves to curtail the possible build-up of underlying demand pressures in the economy, which will also help ease pressures in the external sector.


UKRAINE

Jan 20: discount rate raised 100 bps to 10.0% and central bank will continue the cycle of strengthening monetary policy and is ready to act decisively in the event of further implementation of pro-inflationary factors, such as an escalation of the conflict with Russia or further spikes in prices.


UNITED KINGDOM

Feb 3: bank rate raised 25 bps to 0.50% and stock of government and corporate bonds will be reduced as the economy is expected to bounce back quickly after a soft spell and inflation continues to rise.


URUGUAY

Jan 5: reference rate raised 75 bps to 6.50% and rate expected to be raised by the same magnitude at the next two monetary policy meetings so the rate reaches a neutral level by the beginning of the second quarter.

         
                                                          ---------------------------
      OVERVIEW OF 2021:
  


      2021 MONETARY POLICY CHANGES BY MONTH:

      DECEMBER:
      EASING: China cuts reserve requirement, main interest rate and offers low-cost green loans, Taiwan rolls over special credit facility for banks by 6 months,Turkey cuts rate, ECB to increase monthly asset purchases in Q2 and Q3, 2022, Japan extends special Covid-19 financing 6 months, UAE extends several economic support measures and Saudi Arabia extends deferred payment program.
      TIGHTENING: Moldova, Georgia, Poland, Brazil, Ukraine, Poland, Pakistan, Armenia, Hungary, Chile, Costa Rica, Norway, United Kingdom, Mexico, Azerbaijan, Russia, Colombia, Jamaica, Paraguay, Czech Republic, Sierra Leone and Dominican Republic raise rates. 
      USA to reduce asset purchases by $30 billion a month, ECB to end pandemic asset purchases in March 2022 and Japan to end additional purchases of CP and corporate bonds end March, 2022, as scheduled.

      NOVEMBER:
      EASING: Turkey cuts rate.
      TIGHTENING: Australia discontinues yield target on 3-year government bond, the US begins to reduce monthly asset purchases by $15 billion, Hungary ceases using FX swaps to provide forint liquidity and to use new discount bills to help sterilize liquidity, and makes interest rate corridor asymmetric by raising overnight deposit, lending and one-week lending rates.
      The following 18 banks raise rates: Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, Mexico, Uruguay, Peru, Jamaica, Hungary, Iceland, South Africa, Pakistan, Ghana, Paraguay, Lesotho, New Zealand, Zambia, Dominican Republic, South Korea and Kyrgyzstan raise rates. 

      OCTOBER:
      EASING: Uganda lets credit relief measures expire but continues with interventions for those sectors that remain under lockdown and liquidity assistance maintained, and Turkey cuts rate.
      TIGHTENING: Romania, Moldova, Uruguay, New Zealand, Iceland, Poland, Peru, Chile, Hungary, Paraguay, Russia, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Brazil, Zimbabwe, Azerbaijan and Colombia raise rates. Serbia raises rate on reverse repo auctions and cancels repo auctions, Kuwait starts unwinding crises measures, Singapore raises slope of S$ policy band and Canada ends quantitative easing.

      SEPTEMBER:
      EASING: Australia extends weekly bond purchases of $4B by 3 months, Mozambique lowers reserve requirement, Saudi Arabia extends deferred payment program, and Turkey and Denmark cut rates.
      TIGHTENING: Moldova, Ukraine, Peru, Russia, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Hungary, Paraguay, Brazil, Norway, Czech Republic, Mexico, Jamaica and Colombia raise rates, ECB reduces asset purchases in Q4 moderately, UAE starts gradual and well-calibrated withdrawal of extraordinary stimulus measures, Iceland raises countercyclical capital buffer and caps debt service-to-income ratios and Dominican Republic starts normalization of monetary policy.

      AUGUST:
      EASING: Liberia
      TIGHTENING: Armenia, Georgia, Brazil, Czech Republic, Uruguay, Mexico, Peru, Sri Lanka, Paraguay, Hungary, Iceland, South Korea and Chile raise rates. Czech Republic also raises countercyclical capital buffer.

      JULY:
      EASING: China cuts required reserve ratio for all banks, Fiji increases size of disaster and rehabilitations containment facility and Seychelles cuts minimum reserve requirement.
      TIGHTENING: Angola, Chile, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Hungary, Tajikistan and Moldova raise rates, Israel ends business loan program, Australia trims weekly bond purchases from September, New Zealand ends asset purchases, and Canada trims weekly bond purchases.

      JUNE:
      EASING: ECB to purchase assets under PEPP at significantly higher pace in Q3 that in first months of year, Japan extends COVID-19 special financing program 6 months until end-March, 2022, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo and Seychelles cut rates, Saudi Arabia extends Covid-19 financing support program for micro, small and medium enterprises and Fiji lowers interest rate on disaster and rehabilitation containment facility.
      TIGHTENING: Russia, Armenia and Brazil raise rates, Ukraine phases out Covid-19 crises measures, Hungary raises rate and closes crises lending program Funding for Growth Go!, and Czech Republic and Mexico raise rates.

      MAY:
      EASING: India provides liquidity to health sector, including vaccine and oxygen producers, and launches a second round of government bond purchases in Q2 FY22 and Ghana cuts rate.
      TIGHTENING: Armenia, Brazil and Iceland raise rates, Kyrgyzstan reduces excess liquidity in banking system to limit inflationary pressures, Czech Republic raises countercyclical capital buffer, and US Fed winds down corporate bond portfolio.
      
      APRIL:
      EASING: Congo and UAE extends pandemic loan program, and Moldova cuts reserve requirements (twice)
      TIGHTENING: Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia and Tajikistan raise rates and Canada reduces asset purchases.

      MARCH:
      EASING: United States extends Paycheck Protection Program 3 months, Moldova cuts reserve requirement, Brazil extends temporary cut in reserve requirement, ECB to purchase assets under PEPP at significantly higher pace in Q2, Congo and North Macedonia cuts rates and Mongolia adds further longer-term refinancing.
      TIGHTENING: Ukraine raises key rate, Belarus suspends permanent liquidity facility to strengthen control of monetary base and money supply to limit inflation, Georgia raises key rate, United States to cease regular purchases of agency commercial mortgage-backed securities, Brazil raises rate, Turkey raises rate, Russia raises rate and Angola raises rate on liquidity absorption facility.

      FEBRUARY:
      EASING: Australia boosts purchases of government bonds $100 billion, Mexico cuts its key interest rate, Uganda extends credit relief and liquidity measures and Indonesia cuts its rate.
      TIGHTENING: Armenia raises policy rate, Tajikistan raises policy rate and reserve requirements that were cut temporarily last year from April 1 to Dec. 31, 2020, Zambia raises rate, Zimbabwe raises rate, Kyrgyz Republic raises rate and Turkey raises reserve requirement.

      JANUARY:
      EASING: Romania cut its key rate, Israel announced how much foreign exchange it would purchase in 2021 to deal with the rise in the shekel and thus support the economy while Costa Rica increased the size of its special medium-term lending facility.
      TIGHTENING: Mozambique raised its key interest rate due to rising inflation while Angola's central bank began to levy a fee on banks' excess liquidity as it begins to implement a more restrictive monetary policy.
                                                              ------

      2021 MONETARY POLICY RATE CHANGES BY MARKETS:
      
     DEVELOPED MARKETS: Central banks in developed markets have decided on monetary policy 84 times in 2021, with 4 banks raising rates 6 times: Denmark raised its rate in a technical adjustment while Norway (twice), New Zealand (twice) and United Kingdom raised rates to tighten policy stance. Australia also discontinued its yield target.
      One bank, Denmark, also cuts its rate to defend the peg with the euro.
      The other 77 decisions have ended with unchanged rates. 

     EMERGING MARKETS: Central banks in emerging markets have decided on monetary policy 181 times in 2021, with 53 decisions by 13 central banks ending in rate hikes: Turkey (four times) Brazil (seven, Russia (seven), Hungary (seven), Czech Republic (five), Mexico (five), Chile (four), Peru (five), South Korea (twice), Pakistan (three), Colombia (three), Poland (three) and South Africa.
     Seven decisions ended in rate cuts (Mexico, Indonesia, Turkey (four) and China), and 121 decisions ended in unchanged rates.

      FRONTIER MARKETS: Central banks in frontier markets decided on monetary policy 77 times in 2021, with 2 banks cutting rates (Romania and Ghana) and 5 banks raising rates 12 times: Ukraine (five times), Kazakhstan (three), Sri Lanka, Romania (twice) and Ghana.
      The other 63 decisions have resulted in unchanged rates.
      
      OTHER MARKETSCentral banks in other markets decided on monetary policy 213 times in 2021, with 19 banks raising rates a total of 53 times: Mozambique, Angola, Armenia (six),Tajikistan (four), Zambia (twice), Zimbabwe (twice), Kyrgyzstan (four), Belarus (twice), Georgia (four), Iceland (four), Moldova (four), Uruguay (three), Paraguay (five), Azerbaijan (three), Jamaica (three), Lesotho, Dominican Republic (twice), Costa Rica and Sierra Leone.
     Rates have been cut 7 times by 4 banks: Congo (three times), North Macedonia, Uganda, Seychelles, and Liberia.
     The other 153 decisions resulted in unchanged rates.
     
                                                  2021 GMPC

ANGOLA

Jan 29: banks’ reserve accounts divided into a mandatory and clearing account with an interest rate of 0.10 to 0.20 percent applied as custody fee on banks’ excess liquidity to help ensure the monetary base evolves in line with inflation objective. BNA says need to implement prudent monetary policy of a restrictive nature is “evident” during 2021 to reach target of lowering inflation to single digits in 2022 as monetary expansion in 2020 was not due to economic activity.

Mar 29: interest rate on permanent liquidity absorption facility raised 500 bps to 12.0% as there is persistent inflationary pressure despite a stable exchange rate and contained aggregate demand.

Jul 2: BNA rate raised 450 basis points to 20.0% to reverse the trajectory of inflation and reach the target of inflation of 19.5% by the end of 2021, reduce distortions in the monetary policy corridor and place the key rate in an intermediary level between the lending and liquidity absorption facilities, improve conditions for efficient intermediation, stimulate savings and exchange rate stability.


ARMENIA

Feb 2: refinancing rate raised 25 bps to 5.50% due to rising inflation expectations – amidst rising inflation from higher good prices - despite weak demand.

May 4: refinancing rate raised 50 bps to 6.0% as it is necessary to gradually neutralize monetary stimulus due to inflationary pressures expected from other countries and from the domestic economy, which is recovering faster than expected.

Jun 15: refinancing rate raised 50 bps to 6.50% and further tightening will be considered in near future to neutralize risk of accelerating inflation expectations in parallel with the increase in domestic demand.

Aug 3: refinancing rate raised 50 bps to 7.0% and further tightening will be considered in near future to neutralize risk of accelerating inflation expectations in parallel with the increase in domestic demand.

Sep 14: refinancing rate raised 25 bps to 7.25% but tightening of monetary conditions has helped curb forward-looking demand and inflation, and thus improved chances of meeting medium-term inflation target.

Dec 14: refinancing rate raised 50 bps to 7.75% amid a significant rise in external inflation and inflation expectations. Tightening expected to lead to a gradual decrease in inflation toward the bank’s target.


 

AUSTRALIA

Feb 2: purchases of Australian government bonds increased by another $100 billion to ensure economy recovers as path ahead is still expected to be bumpy and uneven. 

Jul 6: Weekly bond purchases to be reduced to A$4 billion from $5 billion from early September.

Sep 7: weekly bond purchases of $4 billion to continue to at least mid-February 2022 instead of mid-November 2021, reflecting the delay in the economic recovery and increased uncertainty associated with the Delta outbreak.

Nov 2: target of 0.10% yield on 3-year Australian government bond discontinued due to the improvement in the economy and earlier-than-expected progress towards inflation target.


AZERBAIJAN

Sep 17: discount rate raised 25 bps to 6.50% due to the impact on the domestic economy from an intensification of global inflation, especially rising costs of food, materials, transport and logistics.

Oct 29: discount rate raised 50 bps to 7.0% and future rate hikes not ruled out if the risks of inflation change.

Dec 17: discount rate raised 25 bps to 7.25% to help lower inflation and anchor rising inflation expectations.


BELARUS
Mar 12: permanent facility to offer and withdraw liquidity suspended to strengthen central bank’s control over the growth of the monetary base and money supply - intermediate monetary benchmarks in 2021 – to limit inflation. Instead, commercial banks’ need for liquidity will be provided through auctions.
Apr 14: refinancing rate raised 75 bps to 8.50% to limit pro-inflationary risks and strengthen control over money supply amid rising inflation expectations.
Jul 15: refinancing rate raised 75 bps to 9.25% to limit pro-inflationary risks.

BRAZIL:

Mar 10: temporary reduction in reserve requirement on term deposit to 17.0% to combat the economic effects of COVID-19 extended to November, 2021 from April. In March 2020 the central bank decided the reserve requirement would return to 20% as of April, 2021.

Mar 17: Selic rate raised 75 bps to 2.75% as it begins a partial normalization process to reduce extraordinary degree of monetary stimulus and expects to raise rate again in May by the same amount unless there is a significant change in inflation projections.

May 5: Selic rate raised 75 bps to 3.50% as partial normalization process continues. For next meeting, another adjustment of the same magnitude of monetary stimulus is foreseen.

Jun 16: Selic rate raised 75 bps to 4.25%, with the monetary normalization process to continue at the next meeting with another change of the same magnitude to ease the impact of temporary shocks to inflation.

Aug 4: Selic rate raised 100 bps to 5.25% as the balance of risks indicate an interest rate hiking cycle to a level above neutral is appropriate, and for the next meeting another adjustment of the same magnitude is foreseen.

Sep 22: Selic rate raised 100 bps to 6.25% and foresees raising the rate by the same magnitude at the next meeting as the balance of risks indicate it is appropriate to advance monetary tightening further into the restrictive territory.”

Oct 27: Selic rate raised 150 bps to 7.75% and another adjustment of rates of the same magnitude foreseen at next policy meeting as the baseline scenario and balance of risks indicate it is appropriate for monetary tightening cycle to advance further into contractionary territory. Copom assesses the change to the fiscal framework has increased the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations, raising the probability of higher inflation than projected.

Dec 8: Selic rate raised 150 bps to 9.25% and Bank expects to raise rate by same magnitude at next meeting, and will persevere in its strategy until it consolidates not only disinflation process but also the anchoring of expectations around its goals.



CANADA
Apr 21: weekly purchases of government bonds reduced to $3 billion from $4 billion as of April 26, reflecting the progress made in the economic recovery. Based on latest projection, economic slack is absorbed so 2% inflation target is achieved in second half of 2022 compared with 2023 in January projection.

Jul 14: weekly purchases of government bonds reduced to $2 billion, reflecting continued progress towards economic recovery and increased confidence in the strength of Canada’s economic outlook.

Oct 27: Quantitative Easing (QE) ends and overall holdings of government bonds to be held roughly constant due to progress in economic recovery. As bonds mature at different times, target for bond purchases moved to monthly rather than weekly timeframe, with a total purchase range of $4.-$5 billion, including $1-$2 billion in the primary market and $2.5-$3.5 billion in the secondary market. Length of this new “reinvestment phase” part of the monetary policy decisions, expected to last at least until the policy interest rate is raised. 


CHILE

Jul 14: monetary policy rate raised 25 bps to 0.75% as a rapid narrowing of economic slack due to fiscal stimulus and strong consumption has created the appropriate conditions for a gradual withdrawal of monetary stimulus.

Aug 31: monetary policy rate raised 75 bps to 1.50% to prevent a persistent rise in inflation that could lead to it to exceeding its target in two years.

Oct 13: monetary policy rate raised 125 bps to 2.75%, with policy rate expected to reach a neutral level sooner than forecast to prevent a more persistent increase in inflation to above the target over the next 2 years.

Dec 14: monetary policy rate raised 125 bps to 4.0% and rate expected to rise further in the short term to above its neutral level to ensure inflation declines towards the bank’s target.



CHINA

Jul 9: reserve requirement ratio for most financial institutions cut 50 bps, lowering the cost of capital for banks by about 13 billion yuan and freeing up about 1 trillion in liquidity that banks can use to lend and support economic activity.

Dec 6: reserve requirement ratio for most financial institutions cut 50 bps, freeing up 1.2 trillion yuan that banks can use to support economic activity. Weighted average RRR for financial institutions to fall to 8.4% from 8.9%.

Dec 20: Loan Prime Rate cut 5 basis points to 3.80%.

Dec 30: Low-cost loans of 85.5 billion yuan issued to financial institutions to accelerate green financial system and reduce carbon emissions as structural monetary policy tools are used to guide financial institutions to increase their support for small and micro enterprises, technological innovation and green development.



COLOMBIA

Sep 30: benchmark interest rate raised 25 bps to 2.0%, with board recognizing risk that higher than expected above-target inflation could become a persistent phenomenon that leads to the indexation of higher inflation. Recovery in economic activity interrupted in the second quarter was restored in third quarter, suggesting output gap could close more quickly than anticipated, and increased persistence of supply shocks and the upward effect on prices could distance expectations from the target rate.

Oct 29: benchmark interest rate raised 50 bps to 2.50% as economic activity continues to recover at a greater pace than previously expected. Forecasts for economic growth and inflation raised.

Dec 17: benchmark interest rate raised 50 bps to 3.0% to ensure inflation returns to target after it was higher than expected in November, inflation expectations are rising and economic growth was significant in the fourth quarter, boosting the current account deficit.


CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF
Mar 12: policy rate cut 300 bps to 15.50% to reduce the cost of funding for banks in light of the good performance of the main economic indicators and the outlook for a slowdown in projected inflation.
Apr 16: policy rate cut 500 bps to 10.5% to lower the cost of funding for banks in light of a stable foreign exchange market, a slowdown in inflation and the short-term outlook that doesn’t point to any major shocks.

Jun 17: policy rate cut 200 bps to 8.50%


COSTA RICA
Jan 15: Board approves additional 142,887 million colon for the special medium-term financing facility, increasing total amount of facility to 842,887 million. Facility was created in September 2020 to provide low cost, national currency funds to households and businesses affected by COVID-19. As of Dec. 16, 2020, 22 plans approved for total of 575,267 million.

Dec 15: policy rate raised 50 bps to 1.25% and will maintain path of gradual rate increases to keep inflation within its tolerance range.


CZECH REPUBLIC

May 27: Countercyclical capital buffer raised 50 bps to 1.0% from July 1, 2022 while frequency of 2-week liquidity-providing repo operations for credit institutions reduced to once a week as of May 28 and to reintroduce previously applied interest rate mark-up of 0.1 pp.

Jun 23: two-week repo rate raised 25 bps to 0.50% and Lombard rate raised 25 bps to 1.25% but discount rate unchanged at 0.05%. CNB says it expects to continue to raise rates in the second half of this year as it probably enters a phase of rising interest rates, with risks slightly inflationary.

Aug 5: 2-week repo rate raised 25 bps to 0.75% to reinforce confidence of economic agents in long-term price stability as a gradual tightening of monetary conditions will not jeopardize economic recovery.

Aug 26: countercyclical capital buffer raised 50 bps to 1.50% from Oct. 1, 2022 due to the winding down of the acute phase of the pandemic. If loans continue to grow quickly and the taking on of risks in the banking sector’s balance sheet intensifies, CNB ready to increase the rate further.

Sep 30: 2-week repo rate raised 75 bps to 1.50%, with forceful rate hike aiming to anchor inflation expectations, which have been above the bank’s target for some time.

Nov 4: two-week repo rate raised 125 bps to 2.75% to return inflation close to the target and support anchoring of firms’ and households’ inflation expectations. CNB ready to continue increasing interest rates.

Dec 22: two-week repo rate raised 100 bps to 3.75% and Bank ready to continue increasing interest rates next year in order to maintain price stability as risks are markedly inflationary and hence require faster monetary tightening than forecast.


DENMARK
Mar 11: Benchmark deposit rate raised 10 bps to minus 0.50% in what central bank said was a technical adjustment of its monetary policy instruments to reduce fluctuations in money market rates resulting from changes in the size and composition of banks’ deposits and lending. The change is not intended to influence the level of money market rates or the Danish krone but solely to ensure more stable money market rates and thus a more predictable effect on the Danish krone, the central bank said. The adjustment simplifies the monetary policy rates by introducing one single deposit rate and one single rate for loans, and the differential between the two rates is narrowed. In addition to the deposit rate, the current account rate was lowered to minus 0.50% from 0.0% and the lending rate was lowered to minus 0.35% from 0.05%.
This adjustment is not considered a change in the central bank’s monetary policy stance but still counted as a rate hike and a monetary tightening step by Central Bank News.

Sep 30: Main interest rates cut 10 bps following foreign exchange purchases aimed at defending krone peg to euro. As of Oct. 1, deposit and current account rates are minus 0.60%, lending rate is minus 0.45% and discount rate 0.0%.


DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Sept 30: Bank starts orderly plan to normalize monetary policy through the gradual return of funds granted through the different liquidity facilities as the loans from these instruments amortize. To date RD$45 billion has been recovered and this could exceed RD60 billion by the end of 2021. 

Nov 24: monetary policy interest rate raised 50 bps to 3.50% in second stage of monetary policy normalization process to ensure inflation converges to target.

Dec 30: monetary policy interest rate raised 100 bps to 4.50% to return inflation to the target, anchor inflation expectations and reduce the risk that an overheating economy results in an overflow of inflationary pressures and domestic economic imbalances.


EURO AREA
Mar 11: purchases under pandemic emergency purchase program (PEPP) to be conducted at “significantly higher pace” in second quarter than in first quarter as the rise in market interest rates could prematurely tighten financial conditions, which could undermine economic activity.

Jun 10: Based on financing conditions and the inflation outlook, net purchases under the pandemic emergency purchase program (PEPP) with be conducted “at a significantly higher pace” over the coming quarter – the third calendar quarter – than during the first months of the year.

Sep 9: net asset purchases under the under the pandemic emergency purchase program (PEPP) to be moderately lower in the fourth quarter than in previous two quarters as assessment of financing conditions and inflation outlook shows favourable financing conditions can be maintained.

Dec 16: due to progress on economic recovery and toward inflation target, net asset purchases under pandemic emergency purchase programme (PEPP) to be discontinued at the end of March 2022. PEPP was launched in March 2020 and in Dec. 2020 it was expanded to 1.85 trillion euros with its life set to end in March 2022, or until the pandemic crises phase is over. Horizon under which payments from maturing securities will be reinvested under PEPP extended to at least the end of 2024. 

Since October 2014 ECB has been purchasing bonds under one or more asset purchase programs (APP), with the monthly amount fluctuating over time. In Sept. 2019 ECB restarted asset purchases at a monthly pace of 20 billion euros as of November 2019 after the previous programme of 15 billion monthly purchases, which began in Oct. 2018, ended in Dec. 2018. 

In line with step-by-step reduction in asset purchases and to ensure monetary policy remains consistent with inflation stabilizing at its target, ECB will raise its purchase of net assets to 40 billion euros a month in the second quarter of 2022 and then 30 billion in the third quarter. From the beginning of the fourth quarter monthly net asset purchases of 20 billion will be maintained for as long as necessary to reinforce accommodative impact of policy rates. Governing council expects net purchases to end shortly before it starts to raise key rates. Principal payments from maturing securities purchases under APP to be reinvested for an extended period of time past date it starts raising rates and for as long as necessary to maintain favourable liquidity conditions and ample degree of monetary accommodation.


FIJI

Jun 1: Reserve Bank board on May 27 lowers the interest rate it charges financial institutions that borrow under its Import Substitution and Export Finance Facility (SEFF), the Disaster Rehabilitation and Containment Facility (DCRF) and the housing facility to 0.25 percent from 1.0 percent. The move aims to reduce the negative impact of the second wave of COVID-19 on households and businesses.

July 30: At its meeting on July 29, Reserve Bank board approves additional funding of $200 million to its Disaster Rehabilitation and Containment Facility (DRCF) along with a limited a guarantee targeting micro, small and medium enterprises, a streamlined debt recovery process and the removal of related fees and charges by participating financial institutions for 2 years. The revision comes after the economy minister on July 16 says the government will fully subsidise interest payments on loans disbursed under DRCF for the first 2 years. RBF says this aims to provide relief to many businesses by helping them maintain operations and support employment during the pandemic.


GEORGIA
Mar 17: refinancing rate raised 50 bps to 8.50% due to growing inflationary pressures from higher commodity prices and persistently weak exchange rate. At this stage, there is no apparent need for additional rate hikes this year.

Apr 28: refinancing rate raised 100 bps to 9.50% due to above-target inflation and intensified inflationary pressures. Further monetary tightening will depend on inflation expectations.

Aug 4: monetary policy rate raised 50 bps to 10.0% to prevent high inflation expectations from becoming entrenched. Central bank will maintain a contractionary policy for a protracted period and/or will tighten further, if necessary.

Dec 8: refinancing rate raised 50 bps to 10.50% to make sure a prolonged high level of inflation does not transmit to long-term inflation expectations.


GHANA
May 31: monetary policy rate cut 100 bps to 13.50% as inflation is expected to hit central target in June and remain in the target range in the third quarter as risks appear muted.
Nov 22: monetary policy rate raised 100 bps to 14.50% as rise in inflation and significant risks to the outlook requires prompt action to prevent inflation expectations from becoming detached from the bank’s target

HUNGARY

Jun 22: base rate raised 30 bps to 0.90%, with the cycle of interest rate hikes to be continued until the outlook for inflation stabilizes around the target and inflation risks become evenly balanced. Central bank also phasing out the Funding for Growth Scheme Go! from April 2020.

Jul 27: base rate raised 30 bps to 1.20%, with cycle of interest rate hikes to continue until outlook for inflation stabilizes around the target and inflation risks become evenly balanced. Interest rate corridor also shifted upwards by 30 bps and use of long-term collateralized lending facility discontinued from today.

Aug 24: base rate raised 30 bps to 1.50% as monetary conditions tightened further to ensure price stability, prevent second-round inflationary effects and anchor inflation expectations.  Interest rate corridor also raised by 30 bps and central bank continues to gradually phase out its crises management instruments affecting longer maturities, with weekly purchases of government securities decreased to 50 billion HUF from 60 billion starting on Aug. 23, focused on shorter-term securities. Central bank will not sell its stock of government securities but hold them to maturity and take a flexible approach to changing quantity and structure of weekly purchases and is ready to temporarily raise the volume of weekly purchases at any time to maintain market stability. Monetary Council will continue cycle of interest rate hikes until outlook for inflation stabilizes around target and inflation risks become evenly balanced. Central bank has successfully launched its Green Mortgage Bond Purchase Program, while phasing out crises tools, to support long-term sustainability. Amount available under the Bond Funding for Growth raised by 400 billion HUF to 1.550 billion. 

Sep 21: base rate raised 15 bps to 1.65% as pace of monetary tightening slowed with inflation seen easing at the start of 2022 and fourth COVID-19 wave raising risks to economy. Weekly purchases of government securities lowered to 40 billion forint from 50 billion as of Sept. 27.

Oct 19: base rate raised 15 bps to 1.80% as the inflation outlook continues to be surrounded by upside risk which might prove to be more persistent than earlier expected.

Nov 16: base rate raised 30 bps to 2.10% as pace of tightening of monetary conditions increased due to a higher inflation path and increasing risks of second-round effects. Overnight deposit, overnight lending and one-week lending rates also raised 30 bps. As short-term risks in financial markets have increased, the Bank will respond through the one-week deposit rate and is ready to set this above the base rate at weekly tenders and also use swap facilities providing foreign currency actively. To reduce liquidity in banking system, Bank will cease to use the FX swap facility to provide forint liquidity and is also introducing new, limited, occasional and short-term central bank discount bills to support sterilization of liquidity in financial system.

Nov 30: monetary conditions tightened as interest rate corridor widened and made asymmetrical as integral part of new phase of monetary policy. Overnight deposit rate raised 45 bps to 1.60%, overnight and one-week collateralized lending rates raised 105 bps to 4.10% to be 2 percentage points over base rate.

Dec 14: base rate raised 30 bps to 2.40% with cycle of interest increases to continue until the outlook for inflation stabilizes around the central bank target in a sustainable manner and inflation risks become evenly balanced. Bank also closes Bond Funding for Growth Scheme and will no longer purchase corporate bonds, and is also ending its purchase of government securities and only intervene with occasional purchases to maintain a stable market. Government securities will be held until maturity.


ICELAND

May 19: key rate raised 25 bps to 1.0% to ensure inflation expectations remain anchored to target as economic growth is stronger than expected and inflation higher than expected.

Aug 25: key rate raised 25 bps to 1.25% as outlook for economic growth this year is better than expected in May and inflation is forecast to ease somewhat more slowly than projected.

Sep 29: countercyclical capital buffer raised 200 bps to 2.0%, effective in 12 months, and debt service-to-income ratios on consumer mortgages capped. For first time home buyers a maximum 40% ratio and 35% for other borrowers.

Oct 6: key interest rate raised 25 bps to 1.50% due to concern over inflation expectations despite a decline in underlying inflation.

Nov 17: key interest rate raised 50 bps to 2.0% as outlook for inflation has deteriorated since August due to persistent increases in global prices, a more rapid rebound in domestic economic activity and rising wage costs.


INDIA
Feb 4: Cash reserve ratio (CRR), which was cut 100 bps to 3.0% on March 27, 2020 for one year as part of series of measures to deal with COVID-19, to be gradually restored in two phases “in a non-disruptive manner.” From March 27, 2021 CRR to rise to 3.5% and then to 4.0% from May 22, 2021. On March 27, 2020 banks were allowed to use funds under the marginal standing facility (MSF) by dipping into Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) up of an additional 1% of net demand and time liabilities. This facility will be available for a further 6 months to Sept. 30, 2021 from March 31, 2021 to “provide comfort to banks on their liquidity requirements.”
April 7: Secondary market government security acquisition program, or G-SAP 1.0, created for the 2021-22 year, with RBI committing upfront to a specific amount of open market purchases of government securities to enable a stable and orderly evolution of the yield curve. For Q1 2021-22, purchases of 1 trillion rupees, with the first purchases on April 15 of 250 billion.

May 5: RBI to provide 500 billion rupees in immediate liquidity for three years so banks can provide fresh lending to ramp up COVID-related healthcare, including vaccine makers, vaccine importers, hospitals and oxygen suppliers. RBI will also conduct 3-year long-term repos so banks can support small industries while individuals and small businesses will become eligible for more lenient restructuring plans.

Jun 4: In Q2 2021-22 G-SAP 2.0 (government securities acquisition program) to be undertaken, with secondary market purchases of 1.2 trillion rupees to support the market. Specific dates and securities will be indicated separately.


INDONESIA
Feb 18: 7-day reverse repo rate cut 25 bps to 3.50% and forecast for 2021 economic growth lowered following a slower-than-expected rebound in the fourth quarter of 2020.
 
ISRAEL
Jan 14: To buy $30 billion over 2021 with advance announcement aimed at giving markets certainty about commitment to deal with sharp appreciation, and thus support the economy’s dealing with continued ramifications of COVID-19 crises.

July 5: Ending program that provides long-term loans to the banking system against loans provided to small and micro businesses as of Oct. 1 or when the program’s 40 billion shekel is used up as there is less need for specific programs due to the recovery of the economy.


JAMAICA

Sep 30: policy rate raised 100 bps to 1.50% as rise in international commodity prices and shipping costs had a stronger-than-expected pass through to local prices, boosting already-elevated inflation expectations further. Rate will be raised further to ensure inflation target is met.

Nov 16: policy rate raised 50 bps to 2.0% to limit second-round effects of recent shocks and to guide inflation back to the target range.

Dec 20: policy rate raised 50 bps to 2.50% and further rate increases will be considered to limit second-round effects of commodity price shocks and to guide inflation back to the target range over the next 2 years.


JAPAN

Jun 18: Special Program to Support Financing in Response to the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) extended by 6 months until the end of March, 2022, with a view to continue supporting financing, mainly of firms, given that such financing is likely to remain under stress due to the impact of the pandemic, although it has improved.

Dec 17: Special Program to Support Financing in Response to the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) extended in part by 6 months to end September, 2022 as weakness in some segments of the financial positions of small and medium-sized firms remains, such as the face-to-face services industry.

Additional purchases of commercial paper (CP) and corporate bonds will be completed at the end of March, 2022, as scheduled. Until then, CP and corporate bonds will be purchased with an upper limit of the outstanding amount of 20 trillion yen. From April, the amount of purchases of CP and corporate bonds will be the same as prior to the pandemic so the amounts outstanding of these assets will decrease gradually to pre-pandemic levels, namely 2 trillion yen for CP and about 3 trillion yen for corporate bonds.


KAZAKHSTAN

Jul 26: Base rate raised 25 bps to 9.25% to lessen the risks connected with unwinding an inflationary spiral and return inflation to the target corridor in 2022.The National Bank is ready to take measures to further tighten monetary conditions in the event of an increase in pro-inflationary factors.

Sep 13: base rate raised 25 bps to 9.50% and disinflationary monetary policy will be continued while effectiveness of anti-inflationary measures are assessed against the backdrop of the risk of reduced monetary stimulus by the U.S. Fed and ECB.

Oct 25: base rate raised 25 bps to 9.75% as monetary policy stance continues to be normalized and a disinflationary policy pursued to ensure inflation returns to the target in 2022.


KUWAIT

Oct 12: to start unwinding measures taken since April 2020 to counter the pandemic after the banking sectors’ success in overcoming the first year of the crises.


KYRGYZSTAN

Feb 24: benchmark discount rate raised 50 bps to 5.50% as higher food prices push up inflation at the same time economic activity is strengthening. Additional changes to monetary policy are not excluded, with the rise in commodity markets to determine how persistent inflation will rise in the near future.

Apr 27: discount rate raised 100 bps to 6.50% as rising global commodity prices are pushing up inflation while domestic demand remains weak. Additional changes to monetary stance not excluded in the event of any risks.

May 31: NBKR taking active measures to reduce excess liquidity in banking system to limit inflationary pressures.

Jul 26: discount rate raised 100 bps to 7.50% due to higher-than-expected inflation amid an improving global economy, and further rate hikes are not excluded.

Nov 29: discount rate raised 50 bps to 8.0% amid a growing inflationary background and growing inflation expectations. In the event of any risks, National Bank does not exclude possibility of making additional adjustments to monetary policy.


LESOTHO

Nov 23: CBL rate raised 25 bps to 3.75% to ensure domestic cost of funds remains aligned with rest of region but economic recovery remains vulnerable to further waves of COVID-19 and the emergence of new variants.


LIBERIA

Aug 20: monetary policy rate cut 500 bps to 200% to support a further strengthening of liquidity conditions and actualization of 3.6% economic growth target for 2021.


MEXICO

Feb 11: target for overnight interbank interest rate cut 25 bps to 4.0% as incoming information allows for adjustment of monetary policy while the forecast is retained for inflation to converge to the 3.0% percent target. 

Jun 24: target for overnight interbank interest rate raised 25 bps to 4.25% to avoid adverse effects on inflation expectations, have an orderly adjustment of relative prices and enable the convergence of inflation to the target.

Aug 12: target for overnight interbank interest rate raised 25 bps to 4.50% to avoid any adverse effects on inflation expectations from increased inflation and enable an orderly adjustment of prices and the convergence of inflation to the target.

Sep 30: target for overnight interbank interest rate raised 25 bps to 4.75% to avoid the risk that shocks to inflation, although expected to be transitory, may affect price formation and inflation expectations.

Nov 11: target for overnight interbank interest rate raised 25 bps to 5.0% due to the risk to inflation and inflation expectations amid an uncertainty over how long and how large the factors boosting inflation will continue.

Dec 16: target for overnight interbank interest rates raised 50 bps to 5.50% as inflation forecasts for 2022 revised up and inflation expectations have also risen. Bank board will thoroughly monitor inflationary pressures for the next policy decision to determine a rate that is consistent with the trajectory needed for inflation to converge to the target.


MOLDOVA

Mar 5: reserve requirement on domestic currency deposits cut 200 bps to 30% to boost inflation and relaunch economic activity by lowering cost of funds for banks and ensure lending activity continues to rise.

Apr 5: reserve requirement on domestic currency deposits cut 200 bps to 28% at extraordinary committee meeting as liquidity declined in early April, mainly due to tax payments.

April 30: reserve requirement on domestic currency deposits cut 200 bps to 26% to mitigate and counteract the negative effects of the pandemic on the economy and strengthen the recovery.

Jul 30: base rate raised 100 bps to 3.65% as latest forecast shows inflation may exceed the upper limit of target range due to rising domestic demand in an environment of rising global inflation.

Sep 3: base rate raised 100 bps to 4.65% as there is still a risk of persistent inflationary pressures.

Oct 5: base rate raised 85 bps to 5.50% as it continues to gradually tightens monetary policy in order to ease the inflationary pressures generated by second-round effects from the rise in global prices, production and distribution costs, and energy and food.

Dec 3: base rate raised 100 bps to 6.50% to create the monetary conditions necessary to temper the growth of consumer prices.


MONGOLIA

Mar 24: further 350 billion tughrik in longer-term refinancing added to soften financial conditions.


MOZAMBIQUE

Jan 27: monetary policy interest rate raised 300 bps to 13.25% due to a substantial upward revision of the inflation outlook from the continued depreciation of the metical, a worsening of the risks and uncertainties from the accelerated spread of COVID-19, natural disasters and military instability.

Sep 10: mandatory reserve ratio on domestic liabilities cut to 10.50% from 11.50% and foreign currency ratio cut to 11.50% from 34.50% to provide more liquidity to the economy. 


NEW ZEALAND

Jul 14: asset purchases under the Large Scale Asset Purchase (LSAP) program to end July 23, 2021 to meet the inflation and employment objectives as the major downside risks of deflation and high unemployment have receded.

Oct 6: official cash rate raised 25 bps to 0.50% and RBNZ expects to continue tightening over time, with future moves contingent on the medium-term outlook for inflation and employment.

Nov 24: official cash rate raised 25 bps to 0.75% and interest rate likely to be raised progressively to above the neutral rate as near-term risks to inflation were skewed to the upside and this carries the risk that higher inflation becomes embedded.

 

NORTH MACEDONIA

Mar 10: key interest rate cut 25 bps to 1.25% to reduce the cost of banks and credit to support the private sector and mitigate the effects of the pandemic on the domestic economy.


NORWAY

Sep 23: policy rate raised 25 bps to 0.25% and rate will most likely be raised again in December as economy is normalizing and economic activity higher than before the pandemic.

Dec 16: policy rate raised 25 bps to 0.50% and will most likely raise the rate again in March, 2022, as the rate is moved back to a more normal level. Countercyclical capital buffer raised 100 bps to 2.0% as of Dec. 31, 2022 and will again be raised in the first half of 2022 to 2.5%, effective one year later.


PAKISTAN

Sep 20: policy rate raised 25 bps to 7.25% as pace of economic recovery has exceeded expectations and this can lead to a rise in inflation over time.

Nov 19: policy rate raised 150 bps to 8.75% as there is a need to proceed faster to normalize monetary policy to counter inflationary pressures and preserve stability with growth.

Dec 14: policy rate raised 100 bps to 9.75% but monetary policy settings now expected to remain broadly unchanged in the near term as the goal of mildly positive interest rates on a forward-looking basis is close to being achieved.


PARAGUAY

 Aug 23: monetary policy rate raised 25 bps to 1.0% as inflation, even if it is largely due to external factors, could eventually generate second-round effects and impact inflation expectations.

Sep 21: monetary policy rate raised 50 bps to 1.50% as it is appropriate to continue normalizing monetary policy to ensure the medium-term inflation target is met.

Oct 21: monetary policy rate raised 125 bps to 2.75% and current cycle of adjustment should continue with rate raised same amount in November.

Nov 22: monetary policy rate raised 125 bps to 4.0%, with Bank to closely monitor internal and external economic variables to determine future course of monetary policy.

Dec 21: monetary policy rate raised 125 bps to 5.25% as second-round effects of external shocks on inflation may become relevant and affect medium-term inflation expectations amid improved economic activity and an accommodative monetary policy stance.

 

PERU

Aug 12: reference interest rate raised 25 bps to 0.50% but monetary policy stance remains expansionary and the real monetary policy interest rate is at historic lows.

Sep 9: reference interest rate raised 50 bps to 1.0% but monetary policy stance remains expansionary and policy rate is still historically low and current decision does not necessarily imply a cycle of successive increases in the rate.

Oct 7: reference interest rate raised 50 bps to 1.50% but expansionary monetary policy to remain expansionary and the withdrawal of monetary stimulus will be gradual.

Nov 11: reference interest rate raised 50 bps to 2.0% as inflation expectations remain above the upper limit of the target range. Monetary policy remains expansionary and today’s rate hike does not imply a cycle of successive interest rate hikes.

Dec 9: reference interest rate raised 50 bps to 2.50% but expansionary monetary policy stance will be maintained for some time as monetary stimulus is only being withdrawn gradually.


POLAND

 Oct 6: reference rate raised 40 bps to 0.50% and reserve requirement ratio raised 150 bps to 2.0% to ensure inflation meets the target in the medium term. 

Nov 3: reference rate raised 75 bps to 1.25% to reduce the risk inflation remains elevated amidst a continued economic recovery.

Dec 8: reference rate raised 50 bps to 1.75%, with policy decisions in coming months continue to be aimed at reducing inflation to a level consistent with the target in the medium term.


ROMANIA

Jan 15: monetary policy rate cut 25 bps to 1.25%, deposit rate cut 25 bps to 0.75% and Lombard lending rate cut 25 bps to 1.75% to boost inflation and underpin the economic recovery.       

Oct 5: monetary policy rate raised 25 bps to 1.50%, along with deposit and lending rates, as inflation is expected to rise significantly higher than expected in the short term due to higher energy prices, particularly natural gas.

Nov 9: monetary policy rate raised 25 bps to 1.75% as latest forecast shows additional worsening of the inflation outlook, with consumer prices expected to remain on a steep uptrend until mid-2022.

Nov 9: monetary policy tightened further with repo rate in October raised 16 bps to 0.27% from 0.11%, the average rate since the beginning of 2021.


RUSSIA

Mar 19: key interest rate raised 25 bps to 4.50% as faster-than-expected economic recovery and rising inflation calls for a return to neutral monetary policy, open to further rate hikes.

Apr 23: key interest rate raised 50 bps to 5.00% as rapid recovery of demand and elevated inflationary pressures call for an earlier return to neutral monetary policy, with the rate forecast to average 5.0 to 5.8 percent this year and 5.3 to 6.3 percent in 2022. Further rate hikes to be considered.

Jun 11: key interest rate raised 50 bps to 5.50%, with rising inflationary pressures amid a faster-than-expected economic recovery creating the necessity of further increases in the key rate to avoid a prolonged deviation of inflation from target.

Jul 23: key interest rate raised 100 bps to 6.50% to contain rising inflation and inflation expectations and curb the risk that inflation may exceed the target for a longer period.

Sep 10: key interest rate raised 25 bps to 6.75% and central bank open to raise the rate again to prevent high inflation expectations from pushing inflation further above its target.

Oct 22: key interest rate raised 75 bps to 7.50% and bank open to prospect of further key rate rises at upcoming meetings. Inflation forecast for 2021 and 2022 raised.

Dec 17: key interest rate raised 100 bps to 8.50% to return inflation to the target as inflation is developing above expectations, with the balance of risks markedly tilted to the upside, which may bring about a more substantial and prolonged upward deviation of inflation from the target. If the situation develops in line with the forecast, the Bank holds open the prospect of further key rate increases at upcoming meetings.


SAUDI ARABIA

Jun 22: Deferred Payment Program, one of the Saudi Central Bank’s private sector financing support programs, extended for 3 months from July 1 to September 30, 2021 for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) that are still affected by COVID-19 precautionary measures. Since program was launched on March 14, 2020, it has benefitted more than 106,000 contracts with a total value of deferred payments of 167 billion riyal.

Sep 29: Deferred Payment Program extended another 3 months to Dec. 1, 2021 from Oct. 1.

Dec 30: Deferred Payment Program extended another 3 months to March 31, 2022 for the benefit of micro, small and medium enterprises that continue to be affected by the COVID-19 precautionary measures. Since its launch on March 14, 2020, the program has benefited more than 107,000 contracts with a value of 181 billion riyal in deferred payments.

 

SERBIA

 Oct 7: Average rate at Oct. 6 auction of reverse repurchase securities raised 13 bps to 0.24 percent as the first step to tighten monetary conditions. As of October, auctions of repo securities under which banks had been provided with 3-month dinar liquidity at 0.10% also terminated.


SEYCHELLES

Jun 30: monetary policy rate cut 100 bps to 2.0% as interest rate corridor realigned downwards to lower market interest rates and support the economy that remains weak. Bank board also approves lowering minimum reserve requirement on banks’ rupee deposits 300 bps to 10% if liquidity conditions were to warrant this.

Jul 14: minimum reserve requirement on domestic rupee deposit liabilities cut 300 bps to 10.0%.


SIERRA LEONE

Dec 24: monetary policy rate raised 25 bps to 14.25% to safeguard price and financial system stability as inflationary pressures are expected in the near period while growth is expected to continue but at a slower pace than previously expected.


SINGAPORE

Oct 14: Slope of Singapore dollar policy band raised slightly from zero percent while width of band and level at which it is centered is unchanged to ensure price stability over the medium term. Growth in Singapore likely to remain above trend in quarters ahead.


SOUTH AFRICA

Nov 18: repurchase rate raised 25 bps to 3.75% to keep inflation expectations well anchored moderate future path of rates given the expected trajectory for headline inflation and upside risks.

 

SOUTH KOREA

Aug 26: base rate raised 25 bps to 0.75% and degree of monetary policy accommodation will be gradually adjusted as economy is expected to continue its sound growth and inflation to run above the 2.0% target for some time despite uncertainties over the virus.

Nov 24: base rate raised 25 bps to 1.0% and will appropriately adjust the degree of monetary policy accommodation as the economy is expected to continue its sound growth and inflation to run above the target level for a considerable time.


SRI LANKA

Aug 19: deposit and lending rates raised 50 bps to 5.0% and 6.0%, respectively, and statutory reserve ratio raised 200 bps to 4.0% to help address imbalances in the external sector of the economy and preempt the buildup of any excessive inflationary pressures amidst improved growth prospects.


TAIWAN

Dec 16: Deadline for banks to accept new loans to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) under the Bank’s Special Accommodation Facility to Support Bank Credit to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises from April 2020 will remain Dec. 31, 2021 as previously announced. But facility’s loans to banks, which were due for repayment by Dec. 31, 2021, will be rolled over to June 30, 2022 to continue offering assistance by easing corporate funding burdens and to help affected enterprises recover.

 

TAJIKISTAN

Jan 28: Reserve requirement on bank’s domestic currency liabilities raised 200 bps to 3.0% and requirement on foreign currency liabilities raised 400 bps to 9.0% due to the threat to the inflation target from rising pressure on prices. In April 2020 NBT cut the reserve requirement on domestic currency to 1.0% and on foreign currency to 5.0% to support banks’ need for liquidity, with the cut effective from April 1, 2020 to Dec. 31, 2020.

Feb 5: refinancing rate raised 25 bps to 11.0% to ensure inflation returns to the target range as inflationary pressures and inflation expectations are rising.

Apr 27: refinancing rate raised 100 bps to 12.0% as inflationary pressures are rising and inflation expectations are high amidst an improving global economy and rising prices for food and fuel.

Jul 27: refinancing rate raised 100 bps to 13.0% in response to growing inflationary pressure and expectations to return inflation to target range.

Oct 22: refinancing rate raised 25 bps to 13.25% in response to potential risks to the economy from inflationary pressures and inflation expectations.


TURKEY

Feb 24: Reserve requirement on all lira deposits raised 200 bps while upper limit on how much foreign exchange banks can hold cut to 20% from 30% and upper limit on gold cut to 15% from 20%. Renumeration rate on banks’ required reserves raised 150 bps to 13.50%.

Mar 18: policy rate raised 200 bps to 19.0% due to adverse outlook for inflation and tight monetary policy stance to be maintained decisively and for extended period until there is a permanent fall in inflation.

Sep 23: policy rate cut 100 bps to 18.0% as past monetary tightening is now dampening credit, domestic demand and commercial loans.

Oct 21: policy rate cut 200 bps to 16.0%, with limited room for further rate cuts the rest of the year due to transitory supply-side factors.

Nov 18: policy rate cut 100 bps to 15.0% and Bank expects impact on price increases from transitory effects of supply-side factors and other factors beyond its control will persist through the first half of 2022. Committee will consider completing the use of the limited room implied by these factors in December.

Dec 16: policy rate cut 100 bps to 14.0% but cumulative impact of recent decisions will be monitored in the first quarter of 2022 and during this period the policy framework will be reassessed.


UGANDA

Feb 15: Credit Relief Measures (CRM) and Covid-19 Liquidity Assistance Program (CLAP) extended 6 months from April 1 to ensure financial institutions that come under liquidity stress remain solvent so they can support credit extension.

Jun 16: central bank rate cut 50 bps to 6.50% as economic recovery still requires monetary policy support due to excess capacity and inflation will likely remain below target in the near term while there is little space for fiscal policy to respond to fragile economic growth.

Oct 14: credit relief measures (CRMs) expired on Sept. 30, but BoU shall on a case-by-case basis, continue with interventions for those sectors that remain under lockdown. COVID-19 Liquidity Assistance Program (CLAP) maintained to ensure financial stability until the economic situation normalizes. 


UKRAINE

Mar 4: policy rate raised 50 bps to 6.50% due to significant rise in inflationary pressures and bank ready to raise key policy rate more resolutely to curb fundamental inflationary pressures, stabilize expectations and bring inflation back to target.

Apr 15: policy rate raised 100 bps to 7.50% to gradually slow inflation in the second half of this year and return it to target in the first half of 2022. If underlying inflationary pressures rise more than expected, there could be the need for further monetary policy tightening.

Jun 17: policy rate maintained but anti-crises monetary tools being phased out, enhancing the effect of previous policy rate hikes and contribute to lower inflation. From July 1, the maximum maturity of long-term refinancing loans will be lowered to 3 years from 5 years, auction volumes will be cut to 4 billion UAH from 5 billion on August, and to 3 billion from September. From July 1, frequency of interest rate swap auctions cut to once per month from two times and maximum maturity will be lowered to 3 years from 5 years. If there are no significant shocks to financial markets, long-term refinancing and interest rate swaps to be fully phased out on Oct. 1, 2021. Operational design of monetary policy also changes, with maturity of certificates of deposits returned to pre-crises level of 7 days from 14 days.

Jul 22: policy rate raised 50 bps to 8.0% and forecasts to rise to 8.50% and then maintained at that level until Q2, 2022 to bring inflation back to target in 2022. Anti-crises measures continuing to be rolled back, with the interest rate on bank refinancing loans set at the policy rate plus 1 percentage point (up from the policy rate) and daily intervention in foreign exchange market lowered to US$5 million from $20 million.

Sep 9: key policy rate raised 50 bps to 8.50% and ready to take additional measures to return inflation to target if underlying inflationary pressures increase significantly and inflation expectations continue to worsen. All anti-crises measures – such as long-term refinancing tenders and interest rate swap auctions - to be stopped by beginning of fourth quarter and to boost efficiency of policy transmission maturity of refinancing loans cut to 30 days from 90 days.

Dec 9: policy rate raised 50 bps to 9.0% and Bank ready to raise rates further at the next monetary policy meeting if factors that are boosting inflation, including rising tensions with Russia and higher gas and food prices, continue to materialize.


UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Apr 20: Integral parts of the Targeted Economic Support Scheme (TESS), the comprehensive scheme that covers all the Central Bank of the UAE’s measures in response to COVID-19, extended until June 30, 2022, with CBUAE saying it expects financial institutions to prioritise lending through TESS to the most negatively affected sectors, businesses and households. Under TESS institutions will continue to be eligible to access collateralized 50 billion dirham zero-cost liquidity facility to provide new loans and CBUAE’s financing for loan deferrals will be extended until the end of 2021.

Sep 23: Gradual and well-calibrated withdrawal of extraordinary stimulus measures to begin as UAE economy is recovering. Financing for loan deferrals to be phased out by end-2021 but looking at allowing banks to extend lower capital and liquidity buffers beyond the end of this year when they are scheduled to expire.

Dec 18: Several measures of the Targeted Economic Support Scheme (TESS) extended to June 30, 2022, including relief measures regarding banks’ capital buffers and liquidity and stable funding requirements.

Also, the loan payment deferral component of TESS, which was to expire Dec. 31 as the first phase of gradual exit from measures implemented during pandemic, will now continue until June 30, 2022.

Bank balances the gradual exit strategy and winding down of TESS with continued commitment to support economic recovery, with reduced cash reserve requirement and decrease in down payment for new mortgage loans remain in place.


UNITED KINGDOM

Dec 16: Bank rate raised 15 bps to 0.25% to return inflation sustainably to the target as recent data show a tight labour market that is continuing to tighten and the impact of Omicron variant on medium-term inflation is unclear. MPC sees a modest tightening of monetary policy over the forecast period likely to meet the inflation target.


UNITED STATES

 Mar 8: Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility (PPPLF) extended 3 months to June 30 to provide continued flow of credit to small businesses through the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). Other active facilities, such as the Commercial Paper Funding Facility, the Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility and the Primary Dealer Credit Facility, have not had significant usage since summer of 2020 and will expire as scheduled on March 31.

Mar 17: New York Fed to cease regular purchases of agency commercial mortgage-backed securities at the conclusion of current schedule – due to “sustained smooth functioning of markets…” The purchase operation scheduled for March 23, 2021 is expected to be the last-regularly scheduled operation.

Jun 2: Federal Reserve Board to wind down portfolio of Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facility (SMCCF), a temporary emergency lending facility that closed Dec. 31, 2020. SMCCF portfolio sales to be gradual and orderly, with the aim to minimize any adverse impact on market function by taking into account daily liquidity and trading conditions for ETFs and corporate bonds.

Nov 3: Due to the progress toward the Federal Reserve’s goals, the monthly purchase of Treasury securities and agency mortgage-backed securities to be lowered by $10 billion and $5 billion, respectively, later in November, with the same total reduction of $15 billion in December. This pace of reduction likely to continue unless there is a change in the economic outlook.

Dec 15: In light of inflation and the further improvement in the labor market, the monthly pace of Treasury securities will be reduced by $20 billion and by $10 billion for agency mortgage-backed securities. Beginning in January, the holding of Treasury securities will be increased by at least $40 billion a month and the holdings of mortgage-backed securities by at least $20 billion. Similar reductions in the pace of asset purchases is likely appropriate each month but the pace of purchases can be adjusted if warranted by changes in the economic outlook.


URUGUAY

Aug 11: monetary policy rate raised 50 bps to 5.0% to ensure inflation expectations are in line with its target, with future changes to monetary policy dependent on how inflation expectations react along with the economy and the health situation.

Oct 5: monetary policy rate raised 25 bps to 5.25% and central bank will continue with gradual exit of the most expansive phase of monetary policy for the remainder of 2021, taking into account the reaction of inflation expectations and the country’s health and economy.

Nov 11: monetary policy rate raised 50 bps to 5.75% to consolidate the process of lowering inflation expectations during the current economic recovery.

 

ZAMBIA

Feb 17: monetary policy rate raised 50 bps to 8.50% to contain rising inflation and inflation expectations and BOZ says it ready to adjust policy rate further upwards should further inflationary pressures persist.

Nov 24: monetary policy rate raised 50 bps to 9.0% to steer inflation to single digits in 2022 and to within the 6-8 percent target range by mid-2023.



ZIMBABWE

Feb 18: policy rate raised 500 bps to 40.0% taking into account current liquidity conditions in the market and the need to control speculative borrowing. Statutory reserve ratio for demand and/or call deposits doubled to 5.0% from 2.5% while ratio on time deposits maintained at 2.5% to incentivize banks to hold long-term liabilities that will facilitate long-term lending. Quarterly reserve money growth target reduced to 22.5% in 2021 from 25.0% in 2020.

Jun 28: reserve money growth target lowered to 20.0% per quarter from 22.5% to further tighten monetary policy.

Oct 28: Due to concern over the recent rise in inflation and the need to foster savings in the economy by having positive real interest rates and promote the appeal of the Zimbabwe dollar following measures taken: Policy rate raised 2000 bps to 60.0%, reserve requirement for demand/call deposits doubled to 10% while rate on savings and time deposits kept at 2.5%, minimum deposit rate for ZW$ savings and time deposit rates raised to 7.5% and 20%, respectively, from 5% and 10%, and target for quarterly growth in reserve money lowered to 10% from 20% for the fourth quarter of 2021 and for the first two quarters of 2022.


                                                         ----
 
EARLIER YEARS
     2020: 10 central banks tightened monetary policy and 93 eased, global net easing by 83 central banks.
     2019: 17 central banks tightened monetary policy and 67 eased, global net easing by 50 banks
     2018: 43 central banks tightened monetary policy and 32 eased, global net tightening by 11 banks
     2017: 28 central banks tightened monetary policy and 34 eased, global net easing by 6 banks
     2016: 29 central banks tightened monetary policy and 46 eased, global net easing by 17 banks
     2015: 48 central banks tightened monetary policy and 34 eased, global net tightening by 14 banks


----------
     
      2020 DETAILS:

      2020 MONTH BY MONTH

      DECEMBER
      Two central banks, Serbia, Sierra Leone and Azerbaijan, cut rates in December while Armenia and Turkey raised rates.

      NOVEMBER
      In November 9 central banks cut rates: Australia, Moldova, Malawi, Egypt, Iceland, the Philippines, Indonesia, Mongolia and Honduras have cut rates by a total of 575 basis points.
      South Sudan raised its key rate by 500 basis points, Argentina raised its rate by 200 points and Turkey raised its rate by another 475 points.

      OCTOBER
      In October Argentina cut its key rate twice and Botswana once by a cumulative 250 basis points.
      No central banks raised rates.

      SEPTEMBER
      In September the following 11 banks have cut policy rates: Moldova, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Nigeria, Egypt, Mexico, Colombia, Vietnam and Tunisia
      The rate cuts add up to 575 basis points.
      One central bank, Turkey, raised its rate by 200 basis points.

      AUGUST
      In August the following 9 banks have cut policy rates: Georgia, Romania, Brazil, Moldova, Mexico, Zambia, Namibia, Colombia and Dominican Republic.
       The rate cuts add up to 375 basis points.
       One central bank, Congo, raised its rate by 1,100 basis points.

      JULY 
      In July the following 14 central banks cut their policy rates: Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Hungary, South Africa, Russia, Eswatini, Tajikistan, Lesotho, Bangladesh, Azerbaijan, Colombia and Honduras.
      The rate cuts add up to a total of 590 basis points.

      JUNE
      In June the following 23 central banks cut rates: Uganda, Serbia, Ukraine, Armenia, Morocco, Namibia, Mozambique, Brazil, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Russia, Azerbaijan, Seychelles, Belarus, Paraguay, West African States, Hungary, Georgia, Philippines, Pakistan, Guatemala, Mexico and Colombia.
      Policy rates were cut by a cumulative 1,340 basis points.
      To protect its currency, Zimbabwe raised its rate, the first rate hike since Denmark's rate hike in mid-March, essentially for the same reason.
   
      MAY
      In May the following 26 central banks have cut rates: Malaysia, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Norway, Czech Republic, Tanzania, North Macedonia, Belarus, Vietnam, Mexico, Pakistan, Thailand, Iceland, Zambia, Turkey, South Africa, Lesotho, Eswatini, India, South Korea, Nigeria, Poland, Gambia, Romania, Liberia and Colombia.
      Key rates were cut by a cumulative 2,080 basis points.

      APRIL
      The following 34 central banks cut rates 34 times in April: Sri Lanka, Kazakhstan, Eastern Caribbean, Uganda, Israel, Poland, Serbia, Mongolia, South Africa, Lesotho, Uzbekistan, Namibia, Eswatini, Philippines, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Peru, Mauritius, Mozambique, China, Mexico, Turkey, Paraguay, Ukraine, Russia, Tajikistan, Myanmar, Armenia, Georgia, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Rwanda, Botswana and Colombia.
       Key rates were cut by a cumulative and net 3,135 basis points.

      MARCH
      In March the following 66 central banks cut rates 91 times: Australia (twice), Malaysia, USA (twice), Saudi Arabia (twice), Bahrain (twice), UAE (twice), Qatar (twice), Kuwait (twice), Jordan (twice), Hong Kong (twice), Macau (twice), Moldova (twice), Canada (three times), Paraguay (twice), North Macedonia, Argentina, Mauritius, United Kingdom (twice), Iceland (twice), Serbia, Mongolia, Ukraine, Norway (twice), New Zealand, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Czech Republic (twice), Egypt, Chile (twice), Costa Rica, Armenia, Turkey, Pakistan (twice), Vietnam, Tunisia, Morocco, Poland, Fiji, Trinidad & Tobago, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Guatemala (twice), Honduras, Peru, Myanmar (twice),Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, South Africa, Honduras, Thailand, Namibia, Romania, Mexico, Eswatini, Seychelles, Lesotho, Kenya, Bangladesh, Democratic Republic of Congo, Albania, Zimbabwe, Cape Verde, India, Colombia, Central African States, Barbados, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu.
      Kazakhstan and Denmark stand out as the only central banks to have raised rates in March.
      Key rates were lowered by a cumulative 7,243 basis points and by a net 6,953 points, excluding the cuts by Zimbabwe, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu.
 
      FEBRUARY
      Fourteen central banks cut rates 15 times in February: Iceland, Thailand, Brazil, Honduras, Philippines, Russia, Belarus, Mexico, Argentina (twice), Namibia, Turkey, China, Indonesia and The Gambia.
       Key interest rates were lowered by a cumulative 1,160 basis points.
      Two central banks, the Czech National Bank and the National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic, raised their rates for a net cut in rates of 1,060 basis points.

      JANUARY
      Eleven central banks cut rates 13 times in January: Argentina (3 times), North Macedonia, Turkey, South Africa, Malaysia, Kenya, Lesotho, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, Costa Rica and Azerbaijan. Key rates were lowered by a cumulative 1,175 basis points while Tajikistan raised its rate for a net cut in rates of 1,225 points.

      DECISIONS IN 2020 BY MARKETS
     Central banks worldwide took 674 policy decisions in 2020, with policy rates cut 256 times and only raised 13 times.

      Central banks in developed markets decided on monetary policy 91 times in 2020, with nine banks cutting their rates 17 times: Australia (three), the United States (twice), Hong Kong (twice), Canada (three times), the UK (twice), Norway (three), New Zealand and Israel.
      Denmark raised its rate but this is the context of a policy framework in which the Nationalbank pegs the krone to the euro. The rate hike should support the krone which has come under downward pressure as capital flows to more liquid currencies.

     Emerging market central banks decided on monetary policy 198 times in 2020, with 23 banks cutting rates 82 times: Turkey (five times), South Africa (five times), Peru (two times), Malaysia (four times), Thailand (three times), Brazil (five times), Philippines (five times), Russia (four), Mexico (seven times), China (twice), Indonesia (five), the UAE (twice), Qatar (twice), South Korea (twice), Chile (twice), Czech Republic (three), Egypt (three), Pakistan (five times), Poland (three times), Taiwan, India (twice), Colombia (seven) and Hungary (twice) cutting policy rates.
      After raising its rate in February, the Czech Republic reversed course in March and cut its rate.

     Central banks in frontier markets decided on monetary policy 103 times in 2020, with 17 banks cutting rates 49 times: Argentina (8 times), Sri Lanka (five times), Kenya (three times), Ukraine (four), Bahrain (twice), Kuwait (twice), Jordan (twice), Mauritius (twice), Serbia (four), Morocco (twice), Tunisia (twice), Vietnam (three), Ghana, Romania (three), Bangladesh (three), Kazakhstan (twice) and Nigeria (twice)
     Kazakhstan raised its rate once while Nigeria raised its reserve requirement.

     Central banks in other markets have decided on monetary policy 255 times, with 45 banks cutting rates 107 times: North Macedonia (three times), Lesotho (five times), Azerbaijan (five), Honduras (four), Iceland (five times), Belarus (three), Costa Rica (three), Namibia (five times), The Gambia (twice), Saudi Arabia (twice), Macao (twice), Moldova (five), Mongolia (four), Trinidad & Tobago, Dominican Republic (twice), Guatemala (three), Paraguay (five), Armenia (four), Sierra Leone, Fiji, Eswatini (three times), Seychelles (twice), Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African States, Albania, Myanmar (three) Zimbabwe (twice), Cape Verde, Barbados, Vanuatu, Eastern Caribbean, Uganda (twice) Uzbekistan (twice), Mozambique (twice), Tajikistan (twice), Georgia (three), Rwanda, Botswana (twice), Tanzania, Zambia (twice), Liberia, Papua New Guinea, West African States, South Sudan (twice) and Malawi.
     Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Zimbabwe, Congo and Armenia raised their rates while Curacao raised its reserve requirement to curb liquidity.

    


2020 GMPC



ALBANIA 
Mar 25: key interest rate cut 50 bps to 0.50% to lower cost of new borrowing and the cost of servicing
existing debt, and to ease the flow of liquidity to businesses and households, complementing earlier
measures to mitigate the impact of the coronavirus on the country's ecconomic and financial health.

ARGENTINA 
Jan 9: minimum interest rate on Leliq notes cut 300 bps to 52.0% due to progress made in reaching
 a national agreement on prices 

Jan 16: minimum interest rate on Leliq notes cut 200 bps to 50.0% as continued gradual decline is
appropriate in light of progress in reaching a national agreement on prices, the imminent extension of
Leliq terms and the macroeconomic situation. BCRA assesses monetary aggregates are at historical lows
as percentage of GDP and high interest rates have been ineffective in generating sustainable deflation
with inflation in 2019 reaching 53.8 percent, highest since 1991.

Jan 30: minimum interest rate on Leliq notes cut 200 bps to 48.0% in light of the recessionary
conditions of the county, and with a view to defining an interest rate path that is compatible with
economic recovery. The policy interest rate is considered appropriate level considering a decleration of
 inflation that is becoming evident.

Feb 13: minimum interest rate on Leliq notes cut 400 bps to 44% to consolidate inflationary slowdown.
 Effective interest rate is annual 54 percent

Feb 19: minimum interest rate on Leliq notes cut 400 bps to 40.0% based on the slowdown in inflation
and the prospects of this trend continuing. Central bank board considers excessively high interest rates
may delay the recovery of economic activity

Mar 5: minimum interest rate on Leliq notes cut 200 bps to 38.0% based on signs of a consolidation
of the disinflationary process and to help the economy recover.
Oct 8: interest rate on Leliq notes cut 100 bps to 37.0% while one-day repo rate raised 300  bps to
27.0%, following 500 bps hike to 24% on Oct. 1, continuing the strategy of unifying the reference
 rates used in monetary policy.
Oct 8: interest rate on Leliq notes cut 100 bps to 37.0% and one-day repo rate raised 300 bps to 27.0%
in continued move to unify reference rates for monetary policy.
Oct 15: interest rate on Leliq notes cut 100 bps to 36.0% and one-day repo rate raised 300 bps to 30.0%
 in a continuation of the harmonization of monetary policy rates to maintain a positive return on
savings in pesos.


ARMENIA
Mar 17: refinancing rate cut 25 bps to 5.25% as economic growth will slow in the short run and inflation
will remain relatively low in coming months.

Apr 28: refinancing rate cut 25 bps to 5.0% to boost monetary stimulus as coronavirus will have negative
 impact on economy.

Jun 16: refinancing rate cut 50 bps to 4.50% as inflation is expected to remain low due to a deflationary
 drag on the economy from abroad. It will be necessary to maintain stimulus in the medium term.
 
Sept 14: refinancing rate cut 25 bps to 4.25% and banks leans toward continuing to continue with monetary
 stimulus due to low inflation and a delay in the recovery of domestic and international demand.
Dec 15: refinancing rate raised 100 bps to 5.25% and estimates need to further scale back stimulative
monetary policy stance as inflation is expected to accelerate due to rising global prices and
stronger domestic demand.
AUSTRALIA 
Mar 3: cash rate cut 25 bps to 0.50% to support the economy as it responds to the global coronavirus
outbreak. Growth in the first quarter is likely to be noticably weaker than expected.

Mar 19: cash rate cut 25 bps to 0.25%, target for yield on 3-year government bonds of around 0.25%
by purchases in secondary market, 3-year, minimum A$90 billion term funding facility at fixed 0.25%
for banks with particular support for SMEs, banks' exchange settlement balances at Reserve Bank
renumerated at 10 bps rather than 0% as would have been the case under previour arrangements,
mitigating cost to banking system associated with large increase in settlement balances. 
Sep 1: Term Funding Facility increased by an additional 2 percent of their outstanding credit at a fixed
rate of 25 bps for 3 years, and made available for longer so authorised deposit-taking institutions (ADIs)
can draw on this facility until the end of June 2021 after the end of Septembe when the window for
drawings under the initial allowance of 3 % of outstanding credit closes. To date ADIs have drawn $52
billion under the facility and today's change brings total amount available to around $200 billion .RBA
also bought a further $10 billion of Australian government securities in August in support of its 3-year
yield target of 25 bps. Since March RBA has bought a total of $61 billion and further purchases will be
undertaken as necessary.
 
Nov 3: cash rate cut 15 bps to 0.10%, rate on new drawings under Term Funding Facility cut 15 bps to
0.10%, rate on Exchange Settlements balances cut to zero, target for yield on Australian
government bonds cut to around -.10% from 0.25%, and to purchase A$100 bln of government
bonds in secondary markets with maturities of 5-10 years. To buy "whatever quantitiy" is
needed to achieve yield on 3-year bonds.


AZERBAIJAN
Jan 31: discount rate cut 25 bps to 7.25% as inflation, which slowed in December, is forecast to remain
within the target range in 2020.

Jun 19: discount rate cut 25 bps to 7.0% as negative impact from Covid-19 continues to affect economy
in May and June, with future policy decisions aimed at keeping inflation within the target range, maintain
 financial stability and support economic activity. 
Jul 31: discount rate cut 25 bps to 6.75% as inflation is below the midpoint of the target, the continued 
improvement in the international situation, the stability in the foreign exchange market and the 
anti-inflationary effects of weaker demand.
Sept 18: discount rate cut 25 bps to 6.50% to support demand, accelerate the economic recovery and help
keep inflation within its target.
Dec 18: discount rate cut 25 bps to 6.25% as actual and projected inflation is below midpoint of target
range amid weak external and domestic demand, showing there is a potential for easing.



BAHRAIN
Mar 3: key policy rate, the one-week deposit rate, cut to 1.75% from 2.25%
Mar 16: benchmark one-week deposit rate cut 75 bps to 1.0%, overnight deposit rate cut 75 bps to
0.75%, one-month deposit rate cut 75 bps to 1.45%, CBB lending rate cut 75 bps to 1.70%



BANGLADESH
Mar 23: repo rate cut 25 bps to 5.75% and cash reserve requirement (CRR) cut 50 bps to 5.0%
Apr 9: repo rate cut 50 bps to 5.25%, CRR cut 100 bps to 4.0% 
Jul 29: repo rate cut 50 bps to 4.75%, reverse repo rate cut 75 bps to 4.0%, bank rate, unchanged
since 2003, cut 100 bps to 4.0%


BARBADOS
Mar 30: rate on overnight lending to banks and deposit-taking non-banks licensed cut to 2.0%
from 7.0%, securities ratio for banks cut to 5.0% from 17.5%, 1.5% securities ratio for non-bank deposit
 taking licenses eliminated, collateralised loans for up to 6 months can be offered if necessary to make it
easer for financial institutions to assist clients during the pandemic. Moratorium on loan payments for
 firms and indviduals directly impacted by pandemic for up to 6 months.


BELARUS
Feb 12: refinancing rate cut 25 bps to 8.75% to maintain neutral monetary policy stance and keep inflation
 near target in 2020

May 13: refinancing rate cut 75 bps to 8.0%.
Jun 22: refinancing rate cut 25 bps to 7.75% at extraordinary board meeting in light of as inflation slowing
 faster than expected.


BOTSWANA
Apr 30: base rate cut 50 bps to 4.25%, primary reserve requirements (PRR) for commercial banks cut in
half to 2.50%, and prudential capital adequacy ratio cut to 12.50% from 15.0% to provide supportive
conditions for economic activity.
Oct 8: bank rate cut 50 bps to 3.75% as state of economy for both domestic and external activity provides
scope for further easing of monetary policy to support domestic economic activity.


BRAZIL
Feb 5: Selic rate cut 25 bps to 4.25% but caution still recommended in monetary policy stance and it is
now appropriate to interrupt the monetary easing process in light of the lagged effects of the rate cuts
since July 2019

Mar 18: Selic rate cut 50 bps to 3.75% as economic conditions still require a stimulative monetary policy,
with the decision reflecting a higher-than-usual variance in the balance of risks but a convergence of
inflation to its target over the relevant horizon in 2020 and mainly 2021.
 

May 6: Selic rate cut 75 bps to 3.0% as recent data show the economic contraction will be significantly
deeper than previously forecast and underlying inflation is below the level compatible with the inflation
 target. But uncertainty is elevated, with the remaining scope for monetary policy unknown and possibly
small.  For the next meeting, conditional on data, a monetary adjustment may be not larger than this one
to complete the changes to the policy rate that is adequate to counteract the consequences of the
COVID-19 pandemic.

Jun 17: Selic rate cut 75 bps to 2.25% as the current economic situation requires extraordinarily high
monetary stimulus but the remaining space for monetary policy is uncertain and must be small. For
coming meetings, Copom will assess the impact of the pandemic and measures to encourage credit and
 income restoration, anticipating that any future adjustments to the current degree of monetary stimulus
will be residual. 

Jun 23: Central bank sets out conditions for the purchase of private asssets in secondary markets
following amendment of the constitution on May 7. Assets with credit risk of BB- or higher that is not
convertible into shares and with a maturity of 12 months of more will be eligible. To control risk, there
will be limits of the purchases per bond issue. Reuters reported the bank's monetary policy director as
saying up to 7.5% of all the bank's purchases can be in one company, but it would not buy more than
25% of any one issue. The central bank will provide updates on its website regarding any purchases, that
 will focus on micro, small and medium-sized companies.
Aug 5: Selic rate cut 25 bps to 2.0% but remaining space for further monetary easing is now small and any
 further changes to the degree of stimulus would be gradual and depend on the outlook for fiscal policy
and inflation.


CANADA
Mar 4: benchmark target for overnight rate cut 50 bps to 1.24% as economic growth in the first quarter
will be weaker than expected and it is ready to adjust monetary policy further if required to support
economic growth and keep inflation on target

Mar 13: benchmark target for overnight rate cut 50 bps to 0.75% as a proactive measure in light of the
 negative shocks to Canada's economy from Covid-19 and the recent sharp drop in oil prices.

Mar 27: benchmark target for overnight rate cut 50 bps to 0.25%, the effective lower bound, and program
 to purchase commercial paper launched to ease strains in the short-term funding market, and to begin
buying government securities in the secondary market, beginning with a minimum of $5 billion a week,
 across yield curve. Program to be adjusted as conditions warrant and to continue until economic
 recovery is well under way.

Apr 15: BOC ready to adjust scale and duration of prograAms aimed at bridging current period of
containment if necessary, as global economic recovery could be protracted and uneven. BOC to
continue buying at least $5 billion in government securities per week in secondary market, temporarily
increasing amount of Treasury bills it buys at auctions up to 40%, developing a new Provincial Bond
Purchase Program of up to $50 bilion to supplement provincial money market purchase program,
Corporate Bond Purchase Program announced, with up to $10 billion in investment grade corporate
bonds to be bought in secondary market and term repo facility enhanced to permit funding up to
4 months.
Oct 28: Weekly purchases of government securities reduced to $4 billion, with purchases recalibrated
toward longer-term bonds so QE program continues to provide as much monetary stimulus as
before.


CAPE VERDE
Mar 26: Package of monetary stimulus and easing measures to mitigate impact of Covid-19, including
cutting rediscount rate, which is used to resolve serious liquidity difficulties, by 450 bps to 1.0%,
cutting the steering rate by 125 bps to 0.25%, cutting the standing liquidity facility rate by 250 bps to
 0.5%, cutting the standing liquidity absorbtion facility 5 bps to 0.05% to discourage investment in
overnight facility and instead channel liquidity into the economy. To encourage banks to channel
liquidity into the economy, the minimum cash available ratio cut 300 bps to 10.0%. A new
 long-term liquidity instrument called Long Term Monetary Operation created to finance banks for
up to 3 years and a line of credit provided at an interest rate of 0.75% of up to 45 milllion escudos.
 




CENTRAL AFRICAN STATES
Mar 27: interest rate on tenders (TIAOs) cut 25 bps to 3.25%, marginal loan facility rate cut 100 bps to
5.0%, liquidity injections raised to 500 billion Central African francs from 240 billion, and if necessary, 

this amount can be increased.

CHILE 
Mar 16: monetary policy rate cut 75 bps to 1.0% to ease negative impact on economy from global
spread of coronavirus, set of measures launched to ensure normal functioning of credit markets, including
 a 6-month, conditional funding facility with 4-loans at the policy rate, a banking bond purchase program
to up to US$4 billion, an extension of foreign currency sales until Jan. 9, 2021, and the inclusion of
corporate bonds as collateral for all liquidity operations.

Mar 31: monetary policy rate cut 50 bps to 0.50%, a "technical minimum" after economic entered process
of severe contraction in second half of March that will extend throughout the second quarter. Bank bond
purchase program extended, raising outstanding balance to $5.5 billion.

Jun 16: phase 2 of Conditional Facility for Increased Lending (FCIC), which covers US$16 billion of
incentives for 8 months for SMEs, opened while asset purchase program of US$16 billion over 6 months
 to be implemented. 


CHINA
Jan 2: reserve requirement for large financial institutions cut 50 bps as of Jan.6 to 12.50%, freeing up
800 billion yuan in funds to support the real economy. PBOC says cut would lower banks' cost of funds
 by around 15 billion yuan annually.
 

Feb 3: To offset maturing reverse repos, a maturing of financial market products, and to maintain
adequate liquidity in the banking system "during the period of epidemic prevention and control," PBOC
injects 1.2 trillion yuan through reverse repo operations. The rate on the 7-day reverse repurchase facility,
 worth 900 billion yuan, is cut 10 bps to 2.40%, the first cut since Nov. 18, 2019, and the rate on 14-day
operations worth 300 billion, is cut to 10 bps to 2.55%, the first cut since Dec. 18, 2019. Liquidiy in
banking system now 900 billion yuan more than at same period of last year.
 

Feb 4: PBOC injects 380 billion yuan via 7-day reverse repos at 2.4%, same as on Feb. 3, and 120 billion
yuan via 14-day repos at 2.55%, same as on Feb. 3 to ensure adequate liquidity in banking system during
 period of epidemic prevention and control.

Feb 7: PBOC deploys special 300 billion central bank lending program to support the epidemic prevention
 and control by providing low-cost funds to key enterprises engaged in the production, transport and sales of
 crucial medial supplies for epidemic prevention and control and daily necessities. Financial institutions
should grant loans with interest rates no higher than the latest 1-year loan prime rate minus 100 bps and
PBOC encourages instutions to offer loans at rates lower than the ceiling. Central government will subsidize
 50% of firms' interest payments to ensure actual financing cost is below 1.6%
Feb 10: PBOC injects 700 billion yuan via 7-day reverse repos at 2.40%, same as on Feb. 4, and 200 billion
 yuan via 14-day reverse repos at 2.55%, same as on Feb. 4 "to maintain reasonable and adequate
liquidity in the banking system." The injection offsets 900 billion of reverse repos that matured on
Feb. 10, resulting in zero liquidity injection into market, according to Xinhua
Feb 11: PBOC injects 100 billion yuan via 7-day reverse repos at unchanged 2.40% to "offset the impact of
 maturing reverse repos, and to maintain reasonable and adequate liquifity in the banking system."
380 billion yuan of reverse repos matured, resulting in net withdrawal of 280 billlion from market,
according to Xinhua

Feb 17: PBOC offers 200 billion yuan in 1-year medium-term lending (MLF) facility at 3.15%, down 10 bps
 from Nov. 5, 2019, the second cut in the rate since early 2016, to counter the expiry of earlier reverse
repos and maintain reasonable and sufficient liquidity in the banking system. Under the new monetary
framework from August 2019, the loan prime rate (LPR), is expressed as a spread to MLF . PBOC also
offers 100 billion in a 7-day reverse repo at an unchanged 2.40%
.

Feb 20: PBOC cuts 1-year loan prime rate (LPR) 10 bps to 4.05% and 5-year LPR to 4.75%
Mar 13: PBOC releases a total of 550 billion yuan in long-term funds by cutting the reserve requirements
 of some banks. Of the total, 400 billion yuan will be released to banks that meet the criteria of inclusive
finance, which means services to micro-businesses, farmers, those on low incomes, disabled and senior
citizens. Their reserve requirement will be cut by 0.5 to 1.0 percentage point. The other 150 billion yuan
 will be released by cutting the reserve requirement for qualified joint-stock companies by a further
1 percentage point to support the issuance of loans to the inclusive financial sector.

Mar 30: PBOC injects 50 billion yuan in 7-day repo operation at 2.20%, down from 2.40% at previous
repo.

Apr 3: required reserve ratio for rural credit cooperatives and rural commercial banks cut 100 bps in 2
stages, first on April 15 and then on May 15, with 50 bps each time. This releases 400 billion yuan.
 Interest rate on excess reserves (IOER) fo financial institutions cut to 0.35% from 0.72% from April 7.
Apr 15: PBOC offers 100 billion yuan in medium-term lending at 2.95%, down 20 bps from 3.15% on
Feb. 17.

Apr 20: 1-year loan prime rate (LPR) cut 20 bps to 3.85% and 5-year LPR cut 10 bps to 4.65%.
May 25: required reserve ratio for large financial institutions cut 150 bps to 11.0%

COLOMBIA
Mar 27: benchmark interest rate cut 50 bps to 3.75% a new measure to boost liquidity in both pesos and
U.S. dollars by auctioning up to $1 billlion in U.S. dollars and carrying out currency swaps of up to
 $400 million. These measure come after the central bank on March 23 injected around $10 billion in
permanent liquidity into the financial system by purchasing private securities issued by credit
 institutions and through the purchase of up to $2 billion of treasury bonds during March.

April 15: Some 9 billion pesos of permanent liquidity injected into economy by cutting reserve
requirement on checking and savings accounts by 300 bps to 8.0% and requirement on fixed term
savings of less than 18 months cut 100 bps to 3.5%. CBC also authorized to purchase up to 2 trilion
pesos of TES government bonds for the rest of April and to intervene in the forward market to cover
against the risk of any "strong" impairment of TES market participants.

Apr 30: benchmark interest rate cut 50 bps to 3.25% to continue countercyclical drive of monetary
policy while currency hedging by new sales of U.S. dollars through forward operations raised to $US1
billion.

May 29: benchmark interest rate cut 50 bps to 2.75%  as countercyclical monetary policy stance
continues.

Jun 30: benchmark interest rate cut 25 bps to 2.50% as countercyclical momentum of monetary policy
continues to boost economy amid persistent uncertainty about the outlook for the global economy.
Jul 31: benchmark interest rate cut 25 bps to 2.25% as balance of risks suggest it is appropriate to
provide additonal boost to economy.
Aug 31: benchmark interest rate cut 25 bps to 2.0% to provide additional boost to the economy.
Sept 25: benchmark interest rate cut 25 bps to 1.75% by 4 votes to 3 as the economy continues to
contract and inflation to fall. 

CONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF 
Mar 24: policy rate cut 150 bps to 7.50% to lower the cost of credit, the compulsory reserve on sight
deposits in national currency cut to 0.0% to free up liquidity,  special refinancing window established
 with maturities from 3 to 24 months on flexible terms. Measures taken to mitigate the impact of the
 health crises on economic activity and guarantee the continuity of financial services.
Aug 14: policy rate raised 1,100 bps to 18.5% after inflation surged to 15.9% in June and economic
contraction is less severe that earlier expected. Output in 2020 forecast to shrink 1.7% compared with
March forecast of 2.4% contraction.


COSTA RICA
Jan 30: monetary policy rate cut 50 bps to 2.25% as there is space and justification to continue with the
cycle of monetary policy easing as inflation is projected to be below the midpoint target of 3.0 percent
on average in 2020-2021.

Mar 16: monetary policy rate cut 100 bps to 1.25% to mitigate the economic impact from the coronavirus. 

Jun 17: monetary policy rate cut 50 bps to 0.75% as inflation forecast to be below lower limit of target
range for the next 18 months.


CURACAO & ST. MAARTEN
Feb 4: reserve requirement ratio raised 100 bps to 19.0% due to continuing excess liquidity in the banking
 system and the declining trend in official reserves


CZECH REPUBLIC 
Feb 6: 2-week repo rate raised 25 bps to 2.25% as inflation is seen increasing appreciably above the upper
 boundary of the tolerance band in the months ahead

Mar 16: 2-week repo rate cut 50 bps to 1.75% and national bank is ready to cut rates further. Decision from
May 2019 to raise countercyclical capital buffer to 2.0% as of July 1 is revised so banks will maintain
current rate of 1.75%.

Mar 26: 2-week repo rate cut 75 bps to 1.0%, countercyclical capital buffer cut 75bps to 1.0% and CNB
ready to release buffer if losses in banking sector rise unexpectedly. CNB also ready to lower interest
rates further and ready to adopt other measures to address any liquidity problems. Ready to react to any
excessive exchange rate fluctuations and any measures may be adopted at any time needed
.
May 7: 2-week repo rate cut 75 bps to 0.25% as economic outlook has deteriorated substantially, requiring
even greater easing of monetary conditions.

Jun 18: countercyclical capital buffer cut to 0.5% from 1.0% as of July 1 to support banks' ability to lend
 to non-financial corporations and households without interruption. CNB is ready to release the buffer
 fully were banks' credit losses to rise markedly.
 


DENMARK
Mar 19: interest rate on certificates of deposit raised 15 bps to -0.60%, narrowing the spread to the euro area
 to -0.10 percentage points from -0.25 percentage points, remaining lower that the rate in the euro area.
This follows sale of foreign exchange in the market in the context of Denmark's fixed exchange rate
policy.



DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 
Mar 18: monetary policy rate cut 100 bps to 3.50%, cutting the rate on 1-day repos to 4.50% from 6.0% and
rate on overnight deposits to 2.50% from 3.0%, providing liquidity of more than RD$52 billion to f
inancial firms , relaxing requirements for reserve requirements, providing liquidity through the repo
windows for up to 90 days, 30 days and between 31 and 90 days,  adding liquidity in foreign currency
through repos and a temporary relaxation of legal reserve requirements
.

Mar 26: Liquidity for financial institutions raised to 50 billion pesos from 30 billion reserve through repos
for up to 90 days,  legal reserve ratio in national currency cut 50 bps for savings and credit banks,
representing a release of resources up to 136.4 million pesos, with the ratio now the same as for savings
and loans. Liquidity facilities in foreign currency for financial institutions increased by US$100 million to
US$400 million through repos, in addition to US$22.4 million released from legal reserves.

Aug 31: monetary policy rate cut 50 bps to 3.0% as the recent rise in inflation is transitory, with the latest rate
 cut and an easing of criteria for applying for liquidity contributing to sustain credit and provide relief to
companies and households
.

EASTERN CARIBBEAN
Apr 3: discount rate cut 450 bps to 2.0% in temporary move to provide low cost, short-term credit due to
 the far-reaching health, economic, fiscal and financial implications of COVID-19.


EGYPT
Mar 16: benchmark overnight deposit rate cut 300 bps to 9.25% to support economic activity given the
challenging external environment.
Sept 24: benchmark overnight deposit rate cut 50 bps to 8.75% as inflation expectations are declining so a
 reduction in the policy rate would support economic activity while still remaining consistent with
 price stability.
Nov 12: benchmark overnight deposit rate cut 50 bps to 8.25% to provide appropirate support to economic
 activity while remaining consistent with price stability as the outlook for inflation in Q2 2020 is
estimated to be in the low single digit range, with increasing likelihood of coming under the
inflation target floor of 6%, further confirming muted inflationary pressures in the medium term.

ESWATINI
Mar 20: discount rate cut 100 bps to 5.50% to support economic, and reserve requirement cut 100 bps to
5.0%, liquidity requirement for commercial banks cut to 20% from 25% and to 18% from 22% to improve
liquidity in the financial sector. 

Apr 15: discount rate cut 100 bps to 4.50% as economy forecast to contract by 6.16% in 2020 compared
with previous forecast of 2.8% growth. Current forecast indicate economy will grow 2.1% in 2021.
May 22: discount rate cut 50 bps to 4.00% as short-term growth outlook is expected to remain
challenging with debt sustainability concerns projected to limit growth prospects. Under a pessimistic
scenario, GDP in 2020 expected to contract by 6.16% in 2020 and then recover to growth of 2.1% in
2021.

Jul 24: discount rate cut 25 bps to 3.75% as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to threaten the global
economy, with the slump in economic activity largely attributed to poor performance in the secondary
sector, wuch as manufacturing, electricity supply and construction. Forecast for inflation this year revised
upwards to 3.77% from an earlier 3.54% forecast and to 4.34% for 2021 from 3.93%.


EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK
Mar 12: Targeted Longer-Term Refinancing Operations (TLTLO-III) launched to support bank lending to
those most affected by the spread of the coronavirus. Program to begin in June and run until June 2021.
Asset purchase program raised to 120 billion euros in "temporary envelope" until the end of the year.

Mar 18: A 750 billion euro Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP) created, with purchases
until the end of 2020 to include all asset classes eligible under existing asset purchase program (APP).
Range of eligible assets under corporate sector purchase program expanded to non-financial commercial
 paper, and collateral standards eased.

Mar 25: Under PEPP self-imposed limit of buying maximum 33% of any euro zone country's debt will
 no longer apply and debt with maturity as short as 70 days, in comparison with 1-year in earlier
 purchases, will be allowed.

Apr 30: interest rate on TLTRO III cut to 50 bps below refinancing rate during June 2020 to June 2021,
and non-targeted pandemic emergency longer-term refinancing operation (PELTRO) launched with 7
refinancing operations from May that mature in staggered sequence between July and September 2021,
with full allotment and interest rate 25 bps below refinancing rate.

Jun 4: pandemic emergency purchase program (PEPP) increased by 600 billion eurs to 1.35 billion euros
 and extended at least to the end of June 2021 or "until it judges that the coronavirus crises phase is over."
 Euro area economy forecast to contract 8.7% in 2020 and then expand 5.2% in 2021 and 3.3% in 2022.
 Inflation seen of 0.3% in 2020, then 0.8% in 2021 and 1.3% in 2022.

Jun 25: ECB sets up eurosystem repo facility for central banks (EUREP) outside the euro area, addressing
 possible euro liquidity needs in case of market dysfunction from COVID-19 shock that might affect
smooth transmission of ECB monetary policy. EUREP to be available until end of June 2021.
Dec 10: PEPP increased by 500 billion euros to 1.850 billion and extended to at least March 2022, TLTO-lll
extended 12 months to June 2022, four additional PELTRO operations, asset purchase program (APP)
continues at monthly pace of 20 billion euros and will continue as long as necessary and to end shortly
 before key interest rates raised, and repo facilities for central banks and all temporary swap and
repo lines with non-euro area central banks extended until March 2022.


FIJI
Mar 18: OPR cut 25 bps to 0.25% to provide stimulus to the economy in light of the negative impact of
COVID-19 on travel and trade, and deteriorating consumer and business confidence 

Apr 28: Central bank offers "financial lifeline" to businesses, offers 3 facilities targeted to small and
medium enterprises: SME Credit Guarantee Scheme, Import Substitution and Export Finance Facility,
and Disaster, Rehabilitatin and Containment Facility.


GAMBIA 
Feb 28: policy rate cut 50 bps to 12.0% as inflation is expected to trend lower, premised on a continued
stable exchange rate and well anchored inflation expectations, despite risks from the domestic food
supply in light of a poor harvest, the outbreak of the coronavirus on food supply chains and the
uncertainty surrounding global food prices.

May 28: policy rate cut 200 bps to 10.00% to support the economy and statutory required reserve ratio
cut 200 bps to 13.0%, releasing about 700 million delasi in liquidity to banks as economy preliminarily
assessed to contract 1.2% in 2020, reflecting the disruptive effect of the pandemic, particularly on
tourism and related activities, trade and private investment. The uncertainty around the forecast increases
 as the crises protracts.


GEORGIA 
April 8: Provision of US$200 million through swaps to commercial banks and $200 million to
micro-finance institutions, capital requirements eased, including a cancelation of the capital conservation
 buffer (2.5% of risk-weighted assets) and the pillar 2 buffer (2/3 or non-hedged risk buffer) releasing
US$1.6 billion in capital that can be used to offset potential losses or lend $16 billion to the economy.
 
Apr 29: refinancing rate cut 50 bps to 8.50% as gradual exit from tight monetary policy begun as there is
no need to maintain tightened policy due to expected reduction in demand. Monetary policy remains
tight but NBG will exit tight monetary policy stance gradually, with further steps depending on how
quickly inflation expectations recede.

Jun 24: refinancing rate cut 25 bps to 8.25% as inflation forecasts lowered due to a significant weakening
 of external and domestic demand. Pace of further policy normalization depends on how quickly
inflation expectations recede
.
Aug 5: refinancing rate cut 25 bps to 8.0% as it continues gradual exit from the tightned policy stance at a
slower pace amid slowing inflation the rest of this year from economy seen shrinking 5% in 2020.



GHANA
Mar 18: monetary policy rate cut 150 bps to 14.5% and primary reserve requirement cut 200 bps to 8.0%,
capital conservation buffer cut 150 bps to 1.5%, effectively reducing capital adequacy requirement to
11.5% wile loan provisioning in the OLEM category lowered to 5% from 10% as a policy response to
loans that may experience difficulty in repayments due to a slowdown in economic activity, and loan
 repayments that are past due for mircofinance institutions for up to 30 days shall be considered current,
and agreement wtih banks and mobile network operators on more eficient payments for the next
3 months. The negative impact of COVID-19 on exports, imports, taxes and foreign exchange receipts
will culmuninate in slower economic activity, with GDP forecast to slow to 5% and in worst case
scenario could be halved to about 2.5% in 2020.

May 15: primary reserve ratio for savings and loan companies, and rural and community banks, lowered
200 bps to 6.0%, and reserve ratio for micro finance companies lowered 200 bps to 8.0%. BOG
purchases governmen'ts  COVID-19, 10-year relief bond with face value of 5.5 billion cedi, and is
ready to continue with asset purchases of up to 10 billion.
 


GUATEMALA
Mar 19: leading monetary policy interest rate cut 50 bps to 2.25% to help contain, in the short term, the
 slowdown in economic activity, employment and lower the cost of credit.

Mar 25: leading monetary policy interest rate cut 25 bps to 2.0% to lower the cost of credit for companies
 and households to moderate the impact of the emergency on the economy as as growth this year could
be considerably lower than earlier expected given the less favorable international environment.

Jun 25: monetary policy rate cut 25 bps to 1.75% to lower cost of credit for companies and households
and thus help promote a recovery of economic activity
.


HONDURAS
Feb 5: monetary policy rate cut 25 bps to 5.25% amid an absence of inflationary pressures from demand
and lower risks of future international inflation while economic growth continues to show moderate
growth
 

Mar 19: monetary policy rate cut 75 bps to 4.50% make financial conditions more flexible and ensure
liquidity to meet the demands of the population at this point of high demand, and to assure there is
access to credit to the economic sectors to help mitigate the impact of Covid-19.

Apr 7: Additional policy measures to add 11.5 billion lempira in liquidity by reducing the requirement
 for mandatory investments in national currency to 0.0% along with early redemption of 2-year BCH
bonds that form part of the caluclaiton of mandatory investments, suspend during Q2 structural securities
 auction, and margin applied to interest rate on permanent facilities of credit (FPC) cut to 0.50
percentage points over TPM from 1.0%, bringing cut since start of February to 125 bps to 5.0%, and
lower rate on direct reports from FPC to 50 bps from 75 bps, with cumulative reduction of repurchase
rate by 150 bps to 5.50% since early February.
 
Jul 31: monetary policy rate cut 75 bps to 3.75% to help ease negative impact of measures to curb spread
of pandemic on employment and economic activity, which is now seen contracting more than expected in
May.
Nov 23: monetary policy rate cut 75 bps to 3.0% as additional monetary policy measures are necessary
 to ease the effects of COVID-19 on economic activity and employment after the impact of
hurricanes Eta and Iota.


HONG KONG
Mar 4: base rate adjusted downward by 50 bps to 1.50% according to pre-set formula following Federal
 Reserve's 50 point cut in the federal funds rate. Fed actions shows it will use monetary policy to
mitigate possible economic risks posed by the coronavirus but further developments of the virus are
still very uncertain and financial markets will continue to see considerable volatiliy. Investors should
manage their risks prudently.

Mar 16: base rate adjusted downward 64 bps to 0.86% according to pre-set formula, countercyclical capital
 buffer cut 100 bps to 1.0%



HUNGARY
Mar 24: domestic credit institutions released from reserve requirements until further notice with immediate
effect, facilitating liquidity management for the banking system and releasing over 250 billion forint
 that banks can use to fund for lending in the interbank market, helping the distribution of liquidity, or
 to fund the required amount of liquidity.

Apr 7: program to purchase government securities in secondary market to restore liquidity, with size to be
announced later, along with mortgage bond purchase program. Funding for Growth Scheme re-launched,
with 1 trillion forints added so total of 1.5 trillion available. Corporate bond purchase program, Bond
Funding for Growth Scheme, remains in place, with 200 billion still available.
 
Apr 28: purchases of government securities and mortgage bonds in secondary markets to begin May 4 and
continue as long as economic and financial developments from coronavirus pandemic corroborate it.
MNB to do technical revision of purchases when stock increases reach 1 trillion forint in government
securities and 300 billion in mortgage bonds.

Jun 23: base rate cut 15 bps to 0.75% in "fine-tuning" move to counter the decline in inflation and support
economic growth. Growth this year is forecast of 0.3-2.0%, down from the March forecast of 2.0-3.0
percent.
 
Jul 21: base rate cut 15 bps to 0.60% to support price and financial stability, and recovery of economic
growth. But short-term yields must be maintained at safe distance from close to zero and in the event of
a persistent deterioration in the outlook for growth, additional economic stimulus through targeted
instruments, such as Funding for Growth Scheme Go! and Bond Funding for Growth Scheme.
Sept 24: interest rate on 1-week deposits raised 15 bps to 0.75%, with central bank saying this was to
prevent escalation of inflationary risks. Same tool was used on April 1 after forint fell to all-time
 lows around 370 to the euro. 


ICELAND
Feb 5: 7-day deposit rate cut 25 bps to 2.75% the outlook for 2020 and 2021 has deteriorated as exports
are set to contract in 2020 due to slower recovery of tourism, production difficulties in the aluminium
industry and second consecutive failure of capelin catch. Higher corporate credit spreads are also leading
 to lower-than-expected investments

Mar 11: 7-day deposit rate cut 50 bps to 2.25% at unscheduled meeting in view of the worsening economic
outlook following the spread of the Covid-19 virus

Mar 18: 7-day deposit rate cut 50 bps to 1.75% at unscheduled meeting and countercyclical buffer cut 200
bps to 0% as economic outlook has deteriorated sharply, at least in the short term

Mar 23: to begin purchases of Treasury bonds in the secondary market to help ease financial conditions as
 the expected issuance of new bonds to finance increased spending in response to the repercussions from
 the coronavirus will reduce liquidity and push up yields.

Apr 22: CBI to buy up to a total of 150 billion krona of Treasury bonds in secondary markets beginning in
 May, with amount to be bought announced each quarter in advance. Total amount to be purchased in
second quarter may range up to 20 billion krona, with purchases focused on benchmark Icelandic krona
 bonds maturing in 2021, 2022, 2025 and 2031
.
May 20: 7-day deposit rate cut 75 bps to 1.0% as 2020 gdp seen shrinking 8%, with tourist visits to fall 80%.
Nov 18: 7-day deposit rate cut 25 bps to 0.75% as recent surge in COVID-19 cases and public 
health measures has weakened economic rebound that began in Q3. 

INDIA
Mar 27: policy rate cut 75 bps to 4.40%, fixed rate reverse repo rate, which sets floor of liquidity adjustment
corridor (LAF), cut 90 bps to 4.0% to make it unattractive for banks to deposit funds with RBI and
instead use for lending, targeted long term repo operations of up to 3 years for total amount of 1 trillion
rupees at floating rate linked to repo rate, cash reserve ratio cut 100 bps to 3.0% for 1 year, releasing
1.37 trillion rupees, reducing minimum daily CRR balance maintenance requirement 10 bps to 80%
until June 26, raising accommodation under marginal standing facility to 3% from 2%, all commercial
banks permitted to allow 3 month moratorium on payments of installments on outstanding loans as of
March 1, deferment of  implementation of net stable funding ratio (NSFR) that was planned for April 1
until Oct. 1 and deferment of implementation of last tranche of 0.625% capital conservation buffer from
March 31 to Sept. 30. Since last MPC meeting in Feb. RBI has injected 2.8 trillion rupees, or 1.4% of
GDP, including today's measures liquidity injection amounts to around 3.2% of GDP.

Apr 1: Activation of countercyclical capital buffer (CCCB) delayed for one year or less, as may be
necessary. In February RBI unveiled its plans for CCCB, which would range from 0.0% to 2.5% of risk
weighted assets, and be maintained in the form of CET1 capital or other fully loss absorbing capital.
The main trigger for CCCB is the credit-to-GDP gap.

Apr 17: reverse repo cut 25 bps to 3.75% to encourage banks to deploy a surplus of liquidity to
businesses, TLTRO 2.0 launched with 500 billion rupees, liquidity coverage ratio cut to 80% from
100% and then raised back to 90% by Oct. 1 and 100% April 1, 2021, 500 billion rupees made
available through special financing facility to rural banks, national housing banks and small industries
development bank. Inflation likely to fall further to well below target in second half of 2020-21,
providing policy space to address risks to growth.

May 22: policy rate cut 40 bps to 4.0% and accommodative stance to continue as long as necessary to
revive growth and mitigate impact of COVID-19. High frequency data reveals damage to economy
from virus and shows impact of pandemic is more severe than initially anticipated, with various sectors
of economy experiencing acute stress.


INDONESIA 
Feb 20: BI 7-day reverse repo rate cut 25 bps to 4.75% to maintain domestic economic growth mometum
 in the face of a global economic recovery potentially restrained by the outbreak of the Covid-19 virus.
Mar 2: reserve requirement for foreign exchange cut 400 bps to 4.0% as of March 16, boosting liquidity
 in the banking system by around US$3.2 billion, and reserve requirement for banks financing exports
and imports cut 50 bps for 9 months as of April 1 to maintain monetary and financial market stability,
and mitigate risks from COVID-19

Mar 19: BI 7- reverse repo rate cut 25 bps to 4.50% as policy rate remains accommodative and consistent
 with inflation in target corridor while serving as pre-emptive measure to maintain economic growth
momentum. Other measures include strengthening the triple intervention policy to maintain rupiah
stability, extending the SNB repo tenor to 12 months and providing daily auctions to loosen liquidity in
 baning industry, increasing frequency of FX swaps and encouraging banks to use lowered FX reserve
requirements for domestic purposes.

Apr 14: Intensity of triple intervention strengthened, banks and corporates provided with 1-year term
repos, reserve requirement for conventional banks cut 200 bps and by 50 bps for Islamic banks,
additional demand deposit obligations relaxed. Macroprudential liquidity buffer raised by 200 bps for
conventional banks and by 50 bps to Islamic banks, with banks required to meet this additional buffer
through the purchase of government bonds in the primary market. Uptake of non-cash payments
encouraged by relaxing some of the rules for credit card payments.

Apr 22: BI makes first direct purchases of government bond auction on April 21 and April 22.
Jun 18: BI 7-day reverse repo rate cut 25 bps to 4.25% and says there is still space to lower rates in line
with mild inflationary pressures, maintained external stability and the need to stimulate economic
growth.

Jul 16: BI 7-day reverse repo rate cut 25 bps to 4.0% in line with low projected inflation and maintained
external stability.
Nov 19: 7-day reverse repo rate cut 25 bps to 3.75% on low inflation and external stability, including
the rupiah.


ISRAEL 
Mar 15: to operate the additional monetary policy tools of open market operations and the purchase of
government bonds in the secondary market of "various types and maturities in the necessary quantities
need to ensure the smooth functioning of the government bond market." 
Mar 23: launches 50 billion shekel government bond purchase program in secondary market, as a
complementary tool to the short-term interest rate policy, to ease credit conditions  and influence bond
yields to lower cost of longer-term credit for firms and households. To continue giving financial firms
access to repo transactions with government bonds as collateral and continue swap tenders in the
shekel-dollar market
.
Apr 6: key interest rate cut 15 bps to 0.10%, new monetary tool with size of 5 billion shekels to provide
 loans to banks for 3 years at 0.1% launched, and repo operations expanded to include AA-rated or
higher rated corporate bonds as collateral. Economy seen contracting 5.3% in 2020.

Jul 7: BOI to purchase up to 15 billion shekels of corporate bonds on the secondary market for the first
time to ensure the continued orderly functioning of the corporate bond market and to strengthen the
 passthrough of monetary policy to the credit market, and making additional sources of credit available
 to all industries. BOI also renews its plan to supply bank credit to small companies, without limitation
of the total amount and keep in operation until further notice. The first such plan was approved in April
and ran unitl the end of May, providing banks with loans aat 0.1% for 3 years. The new plan provides
loans at the same rate. BOI will also expand the range of assets hat banks can put up as collateral against
 credit to include mortgage portfolios in addition to government bonds.
Oct 22: government bond purchase program increased by 35 billion shekels to continue supporting the
 financing ability of the economy in light of a strengthening of coronavirus crises and its
economic effects.


JAMAICA 
Mar 26: temporary increase in limits on foreign currency net open positions, either long or short, by 5
percentage points to 25% of regulatory capital to allow dealers to provide more foreign currency to
clients, commencing bond buying programme of GOJ securities on secondary market and prepared to
redeem BOJ securities early, limit on amount banks can borrow overnight without penalty removed so
liquidity available at 2.5%, longer-term lending facility re-introduced where by liquidity  is available for
 up to 6 months.

May 15: domestic currency cash reserve requirement cut 200 bps to 5.0%, releasing some J$14 billion,
and foreign currency cash reserve requirement cut 200 bps to 13.0%, releasing some US$65 milliion.


JAPAN
Mar 16: monetary easing enhanced through new loan operation against corporate debt (about 8 trillion
 yen as of end-February) as collateral at an interest rate of 0% with maturity up to 1 year, increase the
upper limit of purchases of commercial paper and corporate bonds by 2 trilllion yen until the end of
September 2020, to an upper limit of outstanding amounts of 3.2 trillion yen and 4.2 trillion yen,
respectively, and purchase exchange traded funds (ETFs) and J-Reits so amounts outstanding will
increase at annual paces with the upper limit of 12 trillion yen and 180 billion yen, respectively
.

Apr 27: monetary easing enhanced by buying necessary amount of JGBs without upper limit so
10-year yields remain around zero% vs earlier aim of buying 80 trillion yen annually, raising target for
buying commercial paper and corporate bonds to 7.5 trillion for each asset from 1 triillion, with upper
limit on outstanding holdings raised to 20 trillion, raising amount of ETFs and J-REITs to 12 trillion
and 180 billion yen from 6 trillion and 90 billion yen. Coronavirus fund set up in March will now pay
 0.1% to outstanding balance of current accounts of those financial institutions that partcipate in fund
and range of collateral expanded to 23 trillion from 8 trillion yen.

Jun 16: One of BOJ's three measures in response to Covid-19, the support for corporate financing,
raised to some 1 trillion yen from 700 billion. BOJ's other two measures are Yen and Foreign Currency
Funds to stabilize Markets, which includes unlimited JGB purchases and USD operations, and ETF
purchases at annual pace of about 12 trillion yen.
Dec 18: Purchases of commercial paper and corporate bonds extended by 6 months until the end of
 September 2021, with upper limit of outstanding amount of about 20 trillion yen in total. Coronavirus
Fund extended by 6 months until the end of September 2021 and upper limit of funds BOJ provides
 to eligible counterparties (i.e. 100 billion yen) against loans financial institutions make on their
own removed. BOJ will also conduct an assessment for further effective and sustainable monetary
 easing, with a view to supporting the economy and achieving price stability target of 2 percent.
No need to change QQE with Yield Curve Control, which has been working well. Findings of review
to be made public, likely at March 2021 monetary policy meeting.



JORDAN
Mar 4: benchmark one-week repo rate cut 50 bps to 3.50% to support economic growth 
Mar 15: Package of measures to contain negative repurcussions of Covid-19 on local economy,
including pumping additional liquidity of 550 million dinars by lowering the compulsory reserve ratio
on banks' deposits to 5.0% from 7.0%, the first cut since 2009, allowing banks to restructure individual
and corporate loans, especialy medium and small ones affected by the virus, lowering the interest rate
on economic development sector financing to 1.0% from 1.75% inside the capital and to 0.5% from
1.0% for other areas.
 

Mar 16: main rate cut 100 bps to 2.50%, same size cut on discount and overnight rates cut to 3.50%
and 3.25%, respectively while overnight deposit rate cut 75 bps to 2.0%




KAZAKHSTAN
Mar 10: base rate raised 275 bps to 12.0% in response to a weakening of the tenge following the spread
 of the coronavirus and the failure by OPEC to reach an agreement on reducing oil production.
Interventions in foreign exchange market carried out to stabilize market.

Apr 3: base rate cut 250 bps to 9.50% and spread between lending and borrowing rate cut 400 bps to
11.5%- 7.5% for withdrawl of liquidity. Rate hike in March against backdrop of lower oil prices  but
keeping rate at this level could limit economic activity. Bank ready to make adequate decisions in case
of a significant deterioration of global economy.

Jul 20: base rate cut 50 bps to 9.0% as risks of inflation are now weakening amid a faster-than-expected
decline in economic activity in the first half of the year.


KENYA
Jan 27: CBK cut 25 bps to 8.25% as November cut is still being transmitted to economy so there is
room for further accommodation as inflation expectations remain anchored in target range, economy is
still operating below its potential and fiscal policy is being tightened
.

Mar 23: CBK cut 100 bps to 7.25% to minimize economic and financial impact of the spread of the
coronavirus, and cash reserve ratio cut 100 bps to 4.25% to release 35.3 billion shillings as additional
liquidity for banks to directly support borrowers under distress from COVID-19.

Apr 29: CBK cut 25 bps to 7.0% due to the continuing adverse economic outlook and ready to take
additional measures as necessary.


KUWAIT
Mar 4: discount rate cut 25 bps to 2.50% due to the uncertainty of global economic growth prospects,
and the negative impact of the coronavirus outbreak on global economic activity, international trade,
and decrease in demand and output
 

Mar 16: discount rate cut 100 bps to 1.5%, rate on repos and all other monetary instruments also cut
 by 100 bps to increase liquidity and ensure the attractiveness of the dinar as a reliable store for domestic
 savings

April 3: banks allowed to release capital conservation buffers, thus reducing capital requirements, and
credit risk weight lowered to 25 percent from 75 percent in calculating capital adequacy ratio to
empower banks to provide more financing. Loan-to-value ratio of value of property or development
raised.  
Oct 28: discount rate unchanged at 1.5% but other rates, such as repo rate, term deposit rate, direct
intervention rate and public debt rates lowered 0.125% amid continued decrease in U.S. federal
funds rate toward zero, which tipped the scale on the side of the interest rates on the Kuwait
dinar versus the U.S. dollar, bolstering the attractiveness of the dinar.


KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
Feb 24: discount rate raised 75 bps to 5.0% as higher food prices are continuing to exert upward pressure
on inflation in the medium term 


LESOTHO
Jan 28: CBL rate cut 25 bps to 6.25% as domestic growth remains subdued, with risks to the oulook
including exposure to international developments and domestic structural rigidities and policy
uncertainty. Down side risks to global economic outlook continue to be prominent, including
geopolitical and trade tensions

Mar 23: CBL rate cut 100 bps to 5.25% as domestic economic outlook expected to remain fragile and
growth lower than the forecast of 2.2% in 2020 and 4.1% in 2021, while fiscal position is expected to
remain under pressure as government responds to pandemic.

Apr 14: CBL rate cut 100 bps to 4.25%, NIR target maintained at US$660 million.
May 22: CBL rate cut 50 bps to 3.75%, floor of NIR target lowered to US$530 million from $660 
million, economy seen contracting 5.7 percent this year.
Jul 28: CBL rate cut 25 bps to 3.50%, floor of NIR target raised to $550 million from $530 million,
economy still seen contracting 5.7% in 2020, with output down 1.2% in May after 1.3% rise in April. 


LIBERIA 
May 29: monetary policy rate cut 500 bps to 25.00%, a cut that is indicative of the success in reducing
 inflation to an average of less than 25% in Q1 vs slightly over 30% in October 2019. Inflation seen
falling to 19% in Q2.


MACAO
Mar 4: base rate of the discount window lowered by 50 bps to 1.50% 
Mar 16: base rate of the discount window cut 64 bps to 0.86% in response to HKMA's rate cut
following the Federal Reserve's rate cut
 



MALAWI
Apr 3: Liquidity Reserve Requirement (LRR) on domestic deposits cut 125 bps to 3.75%, releasing
some 12 billion kwacha, Lombard Rate cut 50 bps to 20bps above policy rate to lower cost of funds.
Nov 6: policy interest rate cut 150 bps to 12.0% to boost economic growth and job creation as the
 forecast for growth this year is lowered to 1.2% from July's 1.9% forecast, and inflation to
average 8.6% in 2020, down from July's forecast of 9.8%.

MALAYSIA 
Jan 22: OPR cut 25 bps to 2.75% in "pre-emptive measure to secure growth trajectory and price stability."
Monetary policy stance now considered appropriate.

Mar 3: OPR cut 25 bps to 2.50% to support economic growth that will be weakened, particularly in the
 first quarter, by the COVID-19 outbreak, primarily in the manufacturing and tourism-related sectors.

Mar 19: Statutory Reserve Requirement (SRR) ratio cut 100 bps to 2.0% and dealers able to recognize
MGS and MGII of up to RM1 billion as part of SRR compliance. Combined measures release around
RM30 billion of liquidity into banking system.

May 5: OPR cut 50 bps to 2.0% as economic conditions will be challenging in the first half of the year
but growth prospects should improve in 2021 due to fiscal and monetary stimulus. Malaysian
government securities and issues can be used by banks until May 31, 2021 to comply with SRR,
releasing some 16 billion renminbi into banking system. Average inflation this year likely negative.
 
Jul 7: OPR cut 25 bps to 1.75% to provide additional policy stimulus to accelerate the pace of economic
recovery.


MAURITIUS 
Mar 10: key repo rate cut 50 bps to 2.85%, with an accommodative monetary policy seen as appropriate
to support economic activity because COVID-19 outbreak is expected to have significant impact on
 domestic economy

Mar 13: Support program with 5 key measures to further support businesses across all economic sectors,
including a special relief amount of 5.0 bilion RS to meet cash flow and working capital requirements of
businesses directly impacted by Covid-19, with interest at fixed rate of 2.50%, a moratorium of 6 months
 on capital and interest repayments, cash reserve ratio for commercial banks cut 100 bps to 8.0%, the
issuance of a 2.5% 2-year savings bond for 5 billion RS.

Apr 17: key repo rate cut 100 bps to 1.85% and rate on special relief amount also cut 100 bps due to
disruptive effects of COVID-19 on the economy.


MEXICO
Feb 13: target for overnight interbank interest rate cut 25 bps to 7.0% as balance of risks to global
economy remain to the downside due to several uncertainties, including the coronavirus outbreak.

Mar 20: target for overnight interbank interest rate cut 50 bps to 6.50%, and other measures to provide
 liquidity adopted.

Apr 21: target for overnight interbank interest rate cut 50 bps to 6.0% and additional measures adopted
to foster orderly functioning of financial markets, strengthen credit channels and provide liquidity.
Measures valued of up to 750 billion pesos, which along with earlier measures will amount to 3.3% of
2019 GDP. The measures include opening a facility to repuchase government securities at longer terms
than those at regular open market operations, worth up to 100 billion pesos, implementing a temporary
debt securities swap facility so institutions can exchange debt securities for government securities worth
up to 100 billion pesos, implementing a corporate securities repurchase facility through credit institutions
 to provide liquidity to short-term corporate securities and long-term corporate debt worth up to 100
 billion pesos, opening a financing facility worth up to 250 billion pesos for commercial and development
 banks to channel resources to enterprises and individuals, opening a temporary financial facility worth up
 to 100 billion peso for banks that will be guaranteed by credits to corportes that issue public debt so
 funds can be channels to micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, and implementing swaps of
government securities worth up to 100 billion pesos in which Banco de Mexico will receive long-term
securities and deliver others with maturities of up to 3 years to ensure proper functioning of government
 debt market.

May 14: target for overnight interbank interest rate cut 50 bps to 5.50% in light of falling inflation and a
considerable contraction of economic activity.

Jun 25: target for overnight interbank interest rate cut 50 bps to 5.0% as risks to the economy remain to
the downside and there is persistent uncertainty about the economic recovery.
Aug 13: target for overnight interbank interest rate cut 50 bps to 4.50%, with the available room for
maneuver depending on the factors that affect the outlook for inflation and expectations, including the
effects the pandemic might have on both factors.
Sept 24: target for overnight interbank interest rate cut 25 bps to 4.25% amid a narrow room for maneuver
 as the balance of risks for inflation remain uncertain, with future decisions based on the
outlook for inflation and expectations.


MOLDOVA 
Mar 4: base rate cut 100 bps to 4.5% in light of disinflationary trend from the spread of the coronavirus.
Mar 20: base rate cut 125 bps to 3.25%, required reserve ratio on lei and non-convertible currencies cut
250 bps and required reserve ratio on freely convertible currencies raised 100 bps to strengthen liquidity
in banking sector to support the economy.

Apr 3: required reserve ratio on lei on non-convertible currencies cut to 34.0% from 40.0% after
extraordinary meeting, amending the March 20 decision on the cut in the required reserve ratio. The
decision aims to increase liquidity available to banks to prevent liquidity risk and strengthen the
banking sector. The cut will increase liquidity by about 3.0 billion leu.
Aug 6: base rate cut 25 bps to 3.0%, interest rate corridor narrowed by 100 bps to 5.0% and 0.5%, required
reserve on lei and non-convertible liabilities cut 100 bps to 32% through Oct. 15 and ratio on freely
convertible currencies raised 300 bps to 27%.
Sep 9: base rate cut 25 bps to 2.75% to stimulate demand and economic activity as well as boost inflation.
Nov 6: base rate cut 10 bps to 2.65% to support domestic demand, the lending process and the
economy as a whole.

MONGOLIA 
Mar 11: policy rate cut 100 bps to 10.0% as increased uncertainties from the spread of the coronavirus
 has increased the risk that the economic slowdown will worsen due to weaker external demand, lower
commodity prices and sluggish domestic and external activities 

Apr 13: policy rate cut 100 bps to 9.0% and maturity of consumer loans extended by up to 12 months for
 borrowers experiencing difficulties to lessen the consequences of financial difficulties from the
coronavirus and support economic activity.
Sept 15: policy rate cut 100 bps to 8.0% to help meet the inflation target, ease the economic slowdown and 
support the economic recovery.
  
Nov 23: policy rate cut 200 bps to 6.0% and reserve requirement cut 250 bps to 6.0%, period for restructuring
 consumer loans in arrears extended to July 1, 2021, package of long-term refinancing
 instruments to support small and medium-sized enterprises, and non-mining exports to reduce
 impact on the economy and financial sector from COVID-19.


MONTENEGRO
May 12: Reserve requirement for banks' deposits cut 200 bps to mitigate the consequences of the new
coronavirus, increase liquidity and banks' lending potential. For demand deposits and term deposits for
 up to one year the ratio is cut to 5.5% from 7.5% while the ratio on deposits with a maturity of over one
 year is cut to 4.5% from 6.5%.


MOROCCO 
Mar 17: key interest rate cut 25 bps to 2.0% to support economic activity, with growth in 2020 seen
stagnating at 2.3 percent, same as in 2019 due to the combined effect of an unfavourable climate and
the Covid-19 virus. Growth in 2021 seen rebounding to 3.8%, with forecasts  surrounded by great
uncertainties and subject to downward revision if the spread of the virus is not contained in the short term.
 

Jun 16: key interest rate cut 50 bps to 1.50% as inflation is expected to remain moderate in 2020 and 2021
while economy is set to shrink 5.2% in 2020
.


MOZAMBIQUE
Apr 16: monetary policy rate cut 150 bps to 11.25% as inflation outlook is revised downward in the
context of a greater decline in aggregate demand while international reserves remain at comfortable level.
Jun 17: monetary policy rate cut 100 bps to 10.25% as risks and uncertainties in the economy have worsened
 significantly due to military instability in the northern part of the country and the Covid-19 pandemic.

MYANMAR
Mar 12: bank rate cut 50 bps to 9.50% as of Mar.16 to support economic development.
Mar 23: bank rate cut 100 bps to 8.50% as of April 1.
Apr 27: bank rate cut 150 bps to 7.00 % to help support rapid economic development.


NAMIBIA 
Feb 19: repo rate cut 25 bps to 6.25% to support economic activity and maintain one-to-one link to
South African rand

Mar 20: repo rate cut 100 bps to 5.25% to help cushion the anticipated impact of COVID-10 and
support domestic economic activity while maintaining the one-to-one link to the South African rand.

Apr 15: repo rate cut 100 bps to 4.25% to support weak domestic activity and provide short-term
relief amid the extraordinary circumstances arising from the Covid-19 pandemic.

Jun 17: repo rate cut 25 bps to 4.0%, balancing the need for further monetary stimulus in the face of
pandemic-induced weakness in the economy against the importance of not undermining savings and
 investment decisions
.
Aug 19: repo rate cut 25 bps to 3.75% as economic activity has contracted severely in the first half,
credit growth has slowed and inflation remains at historic lows.

NEW ZEALAND 
Mar 16: OCR cut 75 bps to 0.25% due to negative economic impact from the outbreak of the
coronavirus, and rate will remain at this level for at least the next 12 months. Start of higher capital
requirements to be delayed by one year to July 2021, allowing banks to supply around $47 billion more
in lending 

Mar 23: to purchase up to $30 billion of New Zealand government bonds, across a range of maturities,
over next 12 months to support the economy, build confidence and keep interest rates on bonds low.

Apr 7: RBNZ expands large scale asset purchase programme (LSAP) to include 3$ of local government
funding agency bonds (LGFA), around 30% of LGFA debt on issue, boosting LSAP to $33 billion over
12 months.
Apr 30: mortgage loan-to-value ratio (LVR) restrictions removed for 12 months from May 1 to ensure
 they didn't have an undue impact on borrower or lenders as part of mortgage deferral scheme
 implemented in response to COVID-19 pandemic.

May 13: LSAP increased to $60 billion from $33 billion as further stimulus needed, prepared to use
additional monetary tools if and when needed, including reducing OCR further and adding other assets
 to LSAP. A negative interest rate is an option in the future but financial institutions not operationally
 ready as any cut now would not achieve objective of lower borrowing rates. Talks with financial
institutions are ongoing.
 
Aug 12: LSAP increased to $100 billion from $60 billion to lower retail interest rates further amid the risk
that persistent low inflation and employment will become embedded in expectations, creating the need for
 more monetary stimulus than otherwise.
Nov 11: Additional monetary stimulus provided through Funding for Lending Programme (FLP),
to begin in December, to meet inflation and employment remit.


NIGERIA
Jan 24: cash reserve requirement (CRR) raised 500 bps to 27.5% to tame the rising trend in inflation, which
remains above the 6-9 percent threshold. Rising inflation is attributable to a combination of structual and
supply side factors, expansionary fiscal policy and growth in money supply arising from rising liquidity
surfeit. Bank is confident raising CRR will help address monetary-induced inflation whilst retaining the
benefits from the bank's loan-to-deposit policy, which has significantly increased credit to the private
sector and pushed market interest rates downward
.

May 28: Monetary Policy Rate (MPR) cut 100 bps to 12.50% as a sharp decline in output growth is
expected in Q2 and maybe Q3 and if current stimulus measures are properly implemented, economy will
 reverse to growth in Q4. Monetary Policy Committee notes with concern the persistent uptick in inflation
 for the 8th consecutive month but this is mainly due to disruptions in the supply chain from restrictions
to travel, reduced supply of foreign exchange, continued impact of deteriorating infrastructure and
spillover effects of the pandemic on global supplies.
Sept 22: monetary policy rate (MPR) cut 100 bps to 11.50 to sustain the trajectory of the economic recovery and
reduce the negative impact of COVID-19 as supply measures currently being implemented are more
helpful in addressing the current inflationary pressures rather than traditional monetary policy instruments.
NORTH MACEDONIA 
Jan 15: policy rate cut 25 bps to 2.00% based on continued favorable movements on the foreign exchange
 market which indicates the absence of pressure in the external sector, showing a stable perception of
domestic entities, while there is an absence of price pressures

Mar 16: policy rate cut 25 bps to 1.75% at extraordinary meeting due to the deepening risks to the domestic
 economy

Mar 18: non-standard reserve requirement measure re-introduced that allows for banks' denar reserve
requirement for newly approved and restructured loans to companies affected by the spread of COVID-19.

May 13: policy rate cut 25 bps to 1.50% to support the economy and additional liquidity provided by reducing
 the amount of Treasury bills that will be auctioned to provide additional liquidity to the banking system
 that can be used to increase lending activity.
  

NORWAY 
Mar 13: policy rate cut 50 bps to 1.0% to dampen the downturn from the coronavirus outbreak and mitigate
the effects on output and employment. Countercyclical buffer cut to 1.0% from 2.5% to counteract any
tightening of banks' lending standards, which can amplify an economic downturn. Liquidity also
pumped into banking system through extraordinary 3-month F-loans at current policy rate for as long
as necessary and fully allotted.

Mar 19: policy rate cut 75 bps to 0.25% as economic situation has continued to worsen with a number of
businesses having to close or reduce activity, unemployment shown a marked increase, higher credit and
market premiums make funding more expensive for companies. Lower rates can support a faster
rebound in activity when virus containment measures are scaled back and situation returns to normal.

May 7: policy rate cut 25 bps to 0.0% as economic activity has fallen abruptly due to the pandemic, with
mainland economy seen contracting 5.2% in 2020. Inflation to average 1.2% in 2020, and policy rate to
average 0.4% in 2020, and then remain at 0.0% through 2023.


PAKISTAN
Mar 17: policy rate cut 75 bps to 12.50% and 2 other measures launched. A Temporary Economic
Refinance Facility (TERF), refinancing banks to provide financing at maximum end-user interest rate
of 7% for 10 years for setting up new industrial units. It can be accessed by all manufacturing industries
with exception of the power sector. Total size of scheme is 100 bilion rupees. Also, a Refinance Facility
for Combatting COVID-19 (RFCC) aimed at supporting hospitals and medical centers in combatting the
 spread of the virus. Facility will efinance banks to provide financing at maximum end-user interest rate
of 3% for 5 years for the purchase of equipment to detect, contain and treat the virus. Facility provided
to banks at 0.0%. Total size of scheme is 5 billion rupees and is available until end-September 2020.

Mar 24: policy rate cut 150 bps to 11.0% as the coronavirus is expected to lead to a "noticable" slowdown
in domestic demand. SBP ready to take whatever further actions become necessary in response to the
economic impact of the virus.

Apr 16: policy rate cut 200 bps to 9.0% to cushion impact of coronavirus on growth and employment, and
 ease borrowing costs and the cost of servicing debt by households and firms.

May 15: policy rate cut 100 bps to 8.0% due to improved outlook for inflation following government's
cut in fuel prices.

Jun 25: policy rate cut 100 bps to 7.0% in surprise decision, with easing reflecting a further improvement
in the outlook for inflation while the slowdown of the economy continues and downside risks to growth
rise.


PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Mar 30: Kina Facility Rate (KFR) cut 200 bps to 3.0% and cash reserve requirement (CRR) cut 300 bps
to 7.0% as part of policy response to the effects of Covid-19 on the economy. Quantitative Easing (QE)
program implemented through buy-back of government securities before maturity from holders. QE and
CRR cut intended to provide additional liquidity to banking system.
 


PARAGUAY
Mar 13: monetary policy rate cut 25 bps to 3.75% to mitigate the possible adverse effects of the coronavirus
 while ensuring the convergence of inflation to the target
Mar 16: monetary policy rate cut 50 bps to 3.25% as there is room for further monetary policy easing to
 help mitigate the negative economic impact of the coronavirus on the local economy without
jeopardizing the fulfillment of the inflation target.

Mar 30: monetary policy rate cut 100 bps to 2.25% as there is room for an even more accommodative
monetary policy stance in light of inflation is in the lower zone of the target range and the slowdown in
 aggregate demand will keep inflationary pressures limited. 


Apr 22: monetary policy rate cut 100 bps to 1.25% as inflation continues to trend downward and there are
no signs of inflationary pressure in coming months.

Jun 22: monetary policy rate cut 50 bps to 0.75% as a more accommodative monetary policy is appropriate
 to support a gradual economic recovery of domestic demand and ensure inflation converges to the
 target of 4.0 percent.
 



PERU 
Mar 19: reference rate cut 100 bps to 1.25% as economic activity temporarily affected by a supply shock
 and slowdown in domestic demand from the coronavirus pandemic. Liquidity injected via one-day, 6-
month and 1-year repos. 
Apr 16: reference rate cut 100 bps to 0.25% as inflation is expected to approach the lower bound of the
target range, economic activity is being severely affected by supply and demand shocks, and the risks to
global economic activity have increased. 


PHILIPPINES
Feb 6: overnight reverse repo rate cut 25 bps to 3.75% as manageable inflation environment
allows room for preemptive rate cut to support market confidence 

Mar 19: overnight reverse repo rate cut 50 bps to 3.25% along with a temporary relaxation of BSP
regulations on complicance reporting by banks, calculation of penalties on required reserves, and single
borrower limits as inflation seen at 2.2% in 2020 and 2.4% in 2021, down from February projections of
3.0% and 2.9%, respectively, due to lower inflation in recent months, sharp decline in crude oil prices
and adverse effects of coronavirus on global and domestic economic activity.

Mar 23: BSP authorized to buy government securities under repurchase agreement worth 300 billion pesos
 with maximum repayment period of 6 months. Funds to be used to support government program to
 support those most affected by COVID-19
.
Mar 24: reserve requirement for universal and commercial banks cut 200 bps to 12.0%
Apr 16: policy rate cut 50 bps to 2.75% in unscheduled move announced on social media and texts to
 "strongly encourage lending to various sectors, especially to the most vulnerable, amid the COVID-19
pandemic."

Jun 25: policy rate cut 50 bps to 2.25% amidst benign inflation environment to help mitigate the downside
 risks to growth and boost market confidence.
Nov 19: policy rate cut 25 bps to 2.0% as there is enough policy space to uplift market sentiment and
nurture economic recovery amid increased downside risks to growth.


POLAND
Mar 17: reference rate cut 50 bps to 1.0%, required reserve ratio cut 300 bps to 0.5% and renumeration
of reserves raised to 1.0% from 0.5%. To limit risk of tensions in domestic financial markets, NBP will
provide liquidity using repo transactions, purchase government bonds on the secondary market to
maintain liquidity, and offer bill discount credit to refinance new loans granted to businesses by banks.

Apr 8: reference rate cut 50 bps to 0.50%, to begin buying government securities and government-guaranteed
 debt in secondary markets, continued liquidity in addition to normal operations. Economic activity could
 see sizable drop in short run.

May 28: reference rate cut 40 bps to 0.10% as the risk of inflation falling below NBP's target prevails due to
 weaker activity in the global economy together with lower commodity prices. NBP will also continue to
 purchase government securities and government-guaranteed debt securities on the secondary market to
ensure liquidity and enhance the impact of interest rate cuts on the economy. Timing and scale of
perations will depend on market conditions.


QATAR
Mar 4: benchmark lending rate QCBLR cut 75 bps to 3.50% "taking into account evolving
 domestic and international macroeconomic developments. Deposit rate and repo rates cut 50 bps to
1.50% and 1.50%, respectively.

Mar 16: benchmark lending rate QCBLR cut 100 bps to 2.50%, deposit rate cut 50 bps to 1.0% and
repo rate cut 50 bps to 1.0%
 



ROMANIA 
Mar 20: monetary policy rate cut 50 bps to 2.0% and symmetrical corridor interest rates on standing
facilities narrowed to plus/minus 0.5 percentage points from plus/minus 1.0 percentage points to mitigate
 the impact of the situation from the coronavirus outbreak on households and companies. Central bank
also ready to cut the minimum reserve requirements on leu and foreign-currency liabilities.

May 29: monetary policy rate cut 25 bps to 1.75% amid extremely uncertain and highly difficult
conditions about the evolution and implications of the coronavirus pandemic on the outlook for inflation
 and economy.
Aug 5: monetary policy rate cut 25 bps to 1.50% to underpin recovery of economic activity and bring
inflation in line with target
.


RUSSIA 
Feb 7: key interest rate cut 25 bps to 6.0% as inflation is falling faster than expected and the central bank
 is open to the propsect of further easing in upcoming meetings if the situation develops as it expects.

Apr 24: key interest rate cut 50 bps to 5.50% and switch to accommodative monetary policy stance and
 ready to cut rate further as economy now forecast to contract by 4.0% to 6.0% in 2020 and inflation to
average 3.1% to 3.9% this year.

Jun 19: key interest rate cut 100 bps to 4.50% as downward pressures on inflation are higher than expected
and further rate cuts will be considered in upcoming meetings.

Jul 24: key interest rate cut 25 bps to 4.25% as disinflationary factors continue to exert considerable influence
 on inflation and there is a risk inflation might deviate from target in 2021. The necessity of further rate
cuts will be considered in upcoming meetings.

RWANDA
Mar 18: Extended lending facilty of 50 billion francs introduced for banks with liquidity challenges, for
next 6 months NBR offers to buy back treasury bonds at prevailing market rate, reserve requirement
ratio cut 100 bps to 4.0% as of April 1.
Apr 30: CBR cut 50 bps to 4.50% to mitigate economic shock and ease liquidity conditions. 

SAUDI ARABIA 
Mar 3: repo rate cut to 1.75% from 2.25% and reverse repo cut 50 bps to 1.25% from 1.75% "in light of
global developments."

Mar 16: repo rate cut 75 bps to 1.0% and reverse repo rate cut 75 bps to 0.50% "to preserve monetary
stability given evolving global developments."

Jun 1: SAMA to provide 50 billion riyals to support liquidity to the banking sector.


SERBIA
Mar 11: reference rate cut 50 bps to 1.75% in a "timely and adequate" response to increased uncertainty
 in the international environment caused by the spread of the coronavirus. Executive board met at an 

extraordinary meeting, the day before its scheduled meeting.
Apr 9: reference rate cut 25 bps to 1.50% to alleviate negative effects of the coronavirus on economic
activity, with stimulus measures feasible due to low and stable inflation.

Jun 11: reference rate cut 25 bps to 1.25% to ease the negative effects on the economy from the spread
of the coronavirus and boost growth against backdrop of low and stable inflation and the unprecedented
global recession.
Nov 12: In a proactive and preemptive move in light of new COVID-19 risks, NBS offers banks cheap
liquidity in environment of a faster-than-expected recovery, with banks offered dinars for 3 months
under favourable conditions through foreign exchange swaps and securities repos.
Dec 10: policy rate cut 25 bps to 1.0% to mitigate the potential spill-over from the accelerated spread of
COVID-19 that will slow recovery of Europe in the short run and slow demand for Serbia's exports.
Interest rate corridor narrowed by 10 bps to 1.0% plus/minus around policy rate, lowering deposit
rate 15 bps to 0.1% and lending rate by 35 bps to 1.9%.


SEYCHELLES
Mar 23: monetary policy rate cut 100 bps to 4.0% in a first phase of a response to the challenge from the
spread of the coronavirus, which is expected to lower earnings from tourism this year by 70 percent and
 lead to a double-digit drop in economic growth.

Jun 21: monetary policy rate cut 100 bps to 3.0% to support a decline in interest rates to relieve future
stress on borrowers, improve short-run liquidity and thus sustain economic activity. 


SINGAPORE
Mar 30: Zero percent annual rate of appreciation of policy band for Singapore dollar (S$NEER) starting
at current level, with no change to width of band. MAS ready t curb excessive volatiliy in S$NEER.
Economy seen contracting between minus 1.0 to minus 4.0% percent in 2020, core inflation and CPI
all-item inflation seen averaging minus 1.0% and 0.0% in 2020 even wtih some import prices likely to
 rise from production and transport disruptions.
 

SIERRA LEONE
Mar 18: monetary policy rate cut 150 bps to 15.0% to soften the potential impact of COVID-19 on economy,
and create a special 500 billion leone to support production, procurement and distribution of essential
goods and services
.
Dec 17: monetary policy rate cut 100 bps to 14.0% as of Dec. 28 to support the economic recovery amid
a favourable outlook for inflation. MPC also agreed to propose to BSL board a low-interest rate 100 billion
 leones medium-term lending facility to mitigate the negative impact of the second wave of COVID-19
on the economy and support the government's food self-sufficiency program.


SOLOMON ISLANDS 
Jun 15: Cash Reserves Requirement (CRR) cut 250 bps to 5.0% as part of response to Coronavirus-19
pandemic.
 

SOUTH AFRICA 
Jan 16: repurchase rate cut 25 bps to 6.25% as a lower inflation forecast and improved risk profile
"opens some space to provide further policy accommodation." Future policy decisions will continue to
be "highly data-dependent" and sensitive to the balance of risks to outlook

Mar 19: repurchase rate cut 100 bps to 5.25% as the significantly lower forecast for headline inflation has
created space for monetary policy to respond to the rapid deterioration in economic conditions from the
coronavirus. Economy forecast to contract by 0.2% in 2020, then expand 1.0% in 2021 and 1.6% in 2022.

Mar 25: SARB enters short-term funding markets to provide liquidity in exchange for repurchase agreements
for maturities of up to 12 months to assist with continuous flow of funding to institutions, and begin
buying government bonds in the secondary market to help reduce excessive volatility in bond prices.
Bonds to be held in bank's monetary policy portfolio, a liquidity management tool used to inject and
drain liquidity.

April 1: SARB allows banks to comply with of 80% of liquidiy coverage ratio (LCR) to provide temporary
liquidity relief to banks until financial markets have normalised. Once this has been determined,
 minimum LCR of 100% to be restored.

April 14: repurchase rate cut 100 bps to 4.25% as economy seen shrinking 6.1% this year, up from April
 9 forecast of 2% to 4% contraction and 0.8% growth in 2019.

May 21: repurchase rate cut 50 bps to 3.75% as economic contraction will keep inflation well below
midpoint of target range this year and remain well contained in the medium term, remaining close to the
 midpoint in 2021 and 2022. GDP forecast to contract 7.0% in 2020, up from a forecast of 6.1 percent
contraction in April.

Jul 23: repurchase rate cut 25 bps to 3.50%, with future policy decisions dependent on data and sensitive
 to the balance of risks to the outlook. MPC will seek to look through temporary price shocks and focus
on second round effects.


SOUTH KOREA 
Feb 26: Ceiling for special loan programs raised by 5 trillion won to 30 trillion to help businesses, especially
 small and medium-sized, affected by the coronavirus, such as tourism, restaurants, distribution and
importers of raw materials and exporters to China. The interest rate on the loans is 0.75%
.

Mar 16: base rate cut 50 bps to 0.75% and rate on bank intermediated lending support facility cut to 0.25%
from 0.50-0.75%, and to manage liquidity the collateral for open market operations will be broadened to
 include debentures issued by banks. Action taken to ease volatility in financial market and reduce the
effects on future economic growth and inflation
.

Mar 19: BOK buys 1.5 trillion won of 3-, 5-, and 10-year treasury bonds to stabilise market
Mar 26: BOK to supply "unlimited" liquidity at set interest rates by buying 91-day bonds at repo
auctions once a week to ensure market stability and ensure timely implementation of
government's support package. The rate is not to exceed base rate plus 10 bps. Auctions will
take place from April to June. Eligible securities are bonds by KEPCO, Korea Expressway,
Korea Gas, Korea Land & Housing, Korail, Korea Rail Network Authority, K-wate, and Korea
SMEs and Startups Agency.

May 28: base rate cut 25 bps to 0.50% and accommodative monetary policy stance maintained as economic
 growth is expected to be sluggish and inflationary pressures on the demand side to remain weak due to
COVID-19. BOK forecast GDP growth of around 0% this year, down from February forecast of 2.1%.

SOUTH SUDAN
April 28: Central Bank Interest Rate (CBR) cut 200 bps to 13.0% to restore confidence, provide additional
liquidity to support the banking sector and address the fall in demand for credit.
Jul 13: Central Bank Interest Rate (CBR) cut 300 bps to 10.0% and cash reserve ratio cut 500 bps
to 10.0% to release additional liquidity to commercial banks to further inject it support economic
activities, especially to those sectors hardest hit by the pandemic. Central bank stipulates South
Sudanese Pound (SSP) is the only legal tender that shall be accepted in the payment of all
public and private debts in the Republic South Sudan.
Nov 6: Central Bank Interest Rate (CBR) raised 500 bps to 15.0%, reserve requirement ratio
raised 1,000 bps to 20.0% and will urgently introduce its own bills as a liquidity management
mechanism and step up its supervisory role by monitoring the cash-in vault of commercial banks. The
changes come in response to the rapid deterioration of SSP and high inflation while the economy
is severely battered by COVID-19 and low oil prices that has led to considerable fiscal imbalances
and a constrained financial system. The moves aim to "tighten monetary policy stance to mop up
 excess liquidity from direct borrowing from the Central Bank."

SRI LANKA 
Jan 29: SDFR and SLFR cut 50 bps to 6.50% and 7.50%, respectively, to support continued reduction in
 market lending rates, ensuring a broad based and sustained recovery in economic activity

Mar 16: SDFR and SLFR cut 25 bps to 6.25% and 7.25%, respectively, and statutory reserve ratio (SRR)
on rupee liabilities cut 100 bps to 4.0%  "in consideration of the urgent need to support economic 
activity."

Apr 3: SDFR and SLFR cut 25 bps to 6.0% and 7.0%, respectively, to ease market conditions and
 provide further relief to businesses and households affected by the outbreak of COVID-19.

May 6: SDFR and SLFR cut 50 bps to 5.50% and 6.50%, respectively, considering the necessity
 for further support the economy. Financial institutions urged to lower lending rates without
further delay, failing this CBSL compelled to take regulatory action to bring down market rates.

Jun 16: Statutory Reserve Ratio (SRR) cut 200 bps to 2.0% beginning with maintenance period that begins
 Jun 16, injecting some 115 billion rupees of additional liquidity to domestic money markets.

Jul 9: SDFR and SLFR cut 100 bps to 4.50% and 5.50%, respectively, to lower lending rates further and
encourage financial system to lend to productive sectors of the economy at time of subdued inflation.

SWEDEN
Mar 13: Lending up to 500 billion krona to companies via banks to limit effects of coronavirus and
maintain supply of credit. Riksbank prepared to take further measures to supply necessary liquidity.

Mar 16: to facilitate supply of credit, purchases of securities increaed by up to 300 billion krona and
if necessary include government, municipal and mortgage bonds. Lending rate for overnight loans to
banks cut to 20 bps above repo rate from 75 bps. Repo rate remains at 0%. Offering banks to borrow
unlimited amount of money on a weekly basis against collateral at 3-months maturity at interest of 20
bps above repo rate and increased flexibility with regard to collateral banks can use when borrowing
money, giving banks more scope to use mortgage bonds as collateral. 

Jul 1: asset purchases increased to 500 billion krona from 300 billion and purchasing period extended
 to June 2021 from September 2020, with 100 billion of government bonds, mortgage bonds and
municipal bonds to be bought from Oct. 1 to Dec. 31, 2020, and 10 billion krona of corporate bonds to
be bought to June 30, 2021. Interest rates on various loans to banks lowered, including the rate on the
standing loan facility cut to 10 bps over repo from 20 bps and the maturity of loans to banks for onward
lending extended to 4 years from 2 years. Riksbank says the repo rate, which was maintained at 0.0%,
can be cut, if this is assessed to be an effective measure.
Nov 26: asset purchases increased 200 billion krona to 700 billion and purchasing period extended
 to Dec. 31, 2021 as increased spread of infection and tighter restrictions will lead to new downturn
in Swedish economy.



SWITZERLAND
Mar 25: Sets up COVID-19 refinancing facility (CRF) to provide additional liquidity.No upper limits
on amounts available and drawdowns can be made at any time. CRF operates in conjunction with the
government's guarantee for corporate loans and enables banks to expand their lending "rapidly and on a
large scale." Interest rate corresponds to policy rate of minus 0.75%
.
Jun 29: Lower limit on interest rate on liquidity-shortage financing facility (CRF) cut to at least 0.0%
from 0.5% as of July 1 to bring overnight funding rate more in line with policy rate of -0.75%. Repo
auctions stepped up to steer Swiss Overnight Interest Rate (SARON) close to target of -0.75%.


TAIWAN
Mar 19: key rates cut 25 bps, with key discount rate now at 1.125%, the rate on accommodations with
collateral at 1.50% and the rate on accommodations without collateral at 3.375%, respectively. Also,
under a special accommodation facility, additional funds of total NT$200 billion at a rate of one
percentage point lower than rate on accommodations with collateral  to support credit expansions to
SMEs. To ensure liquidity, banks may use holdings of CDs and negotiable CDs to request early
withdrawal or take out secured loans. In case of emergency, expanded repo facility, introduced in 2008,
could be utilized to provide sufficient market access to liquidity.



TAJIKISTAN
Jan 28: Refinancing rate raised 50 bps to 12.75% as of Feb. 3, 2020
Mar 20: one-time correction in official U.S. dollar rate of 5% to reduce exchange rate pressures, the
 impact of currency risks and ensure compliance with 2% difference between official exchange rate and
 selling rate of cash USD. This will increase inflow and transfer of funds through banking system and
protect interests of remitters from abroad, ensure transparency of customer transactions and limit
speculative activity in the cash non-banking market. 
Apr 8: required reserve ratio for credit financial institutions lowered 200 bps to 1.0% from April 1 to
Dec. 31, 2020 to maintain the liquidity. Required reserves in foreign currency lowered 400 bps to 9%.
This step will add additional liquidity to the banking system of 241.7 million somoni.
Apr 28: refinancing rate cut 100 bps to 11.75% to support economy from damages of coronavirus 
pandemic, ensure liquidity in the banking system and achieve stable inflation.
Jul 27: refinancing rate cut 100 bps to 10.75% to support economic activity at a time of stabilizing global
 and domestic inflation expectations.

TANZANIA
May 12: discount rate cut 200 bps to 5.0% and statutory minimum reserve requirement (SMR) cut
100 bps to 6.0% to cushion economy from adverse effects of COVID-19 and provide additional liquidiy
 to banks, safeguard the stability of the financial system and facilitate the financial intermediation process.

THAILAND 
Feb 5: policy rate cut 25 bps to 1.0% as economy is seen expanding much slower than expected in 2020
due to the outbreak of the coronavirus, a delay in the government's budget and the impact of drought.

Mar 20: policy rate cut 25 bps to 0.75% to reduce interest burden of borrowers affected by the coronavirus
 outbreak and to alleviate strains in financial markets. Covid-19 outbreak t be more severe than previously
 expected and situation will take some time before returning to normal, severely affecting Thai economy.

May 20: policy rate cut 25 bps to 0.50% as economy to shrink more in 2020 than expected due to
 contraction in global economy and inflation to be more negative than expected.


TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
Mar 17: repo rate cut 150 bps to 3.50% and primary reserve requirement cut 300 bps to 14.0% to amplify
system liquidity in the short run, around $2.6 billion in the case of the reserve requirement cut.


TUNISIA
Mar 17: key interest rate lowered 100 bps to 6.75%, with council saying if the spread of the coronavirus
 is not controlled, the tourism, air and transport, and industrial sector could deteriorate
Sep 30: key interest rate lowered 50 bps to 6.25% to help create favorable conditions for a revival of
investment and restore economic activity as inflation is seen dropping the rest of the year.

TURKEY 
Jan 16: policy rate cut 75 bps to 11.25% as monetary policy stance is consistent with projected path of
slowing inflation but cautious policy stance to be maintained to ensure lower inflation 

Feb 19: policy rate cut 50 bps to 10.75% as the path of inflation is broadly in line with the forecast and
the monetary policy stance is consistent with this path
 

Mar 17: policy rate cut 100 bps to 9.75% to contain negative effects of coronavirus on Turkish economy.
To support financial stability, CBRT has taken several measuress, including providing banks with as
much liquidity as they need through intraday and overnight standing facilities; raising the liquidity limits
on primary dealers in open market operations; cutting the reserve requirements on FX liabilities by 500
bps for all maturities, thus increasing liquidity around US$1.5 billion; offering banks additional liquidity
facilities to secure uninterupted flow to corporate sector via repo acutions with maturities up to 91 days
with an interest rate 150 bps lower than policy rate; conducting lira currency swap auctions with
maturity of 1 year, providing banks with lira against U.S. dollars, euros, and gold with an interest rate
100 bps lower than policy rate.
 

Mar 31: CBRT temporarily to purchase from market makers state domestic borrowing bonds they have
purchased from unemployment insurance fund. Conditions and amounts determined by CBRT to increase
 liquidity and limit the possible effects of the fund's liquidity needs.Within the framework of lira and
foreign currency transactions, asset backed securities and mortage securitied securities includes in the
 pool of collateral to increase liquidity and increase flexibility of banks. To provide access to finance and
 support employment of exporters of goods and services, rediscount loans will be offered. 

Apr 22: policy rate cut 100 bps to 8.75% as the outlook for inflation is to the downside from weak
domestic demand, inflationary expectations and producer prices.

May 21: policy rate cut 50 bps to 8.25% as economy shows signs of bottoming in first half of May while
 inflation is in line with projections.
Sept 24: policy rate raised 200 bps to 10.25% as inflation has tracked higher than expected due to the
economy's fast recovery so tightening steps taken since August should be reinforced to contain
inflation expectations and risk to inflation outlook.
Oct 22: interest rate corridor widened to 300 bps by raising the upper bound's late liquidity window
lending rate by 150 bps to 14.75%.
Nov 19: policy rate raised 475 bps to 15.0% in a transparent and strong monetary tightening, with
a tight policy stance to be decisively sustained until a permanent fall in inflation is achieved.
Dec 24: policy rate raised 200 bps to 17.00% in strong monetary tightening to eleminate risks to the
inflation outlook, with tight monetary policy to be maintained decisively until there is a permanent
 fall in inflation.

UGANDA
Apr 6: CBR cut 100 bps to 8.0% and government bonds to be bought from institutions providing micro
finance to ease liquidity stress, additional liquidity to be provided to banks facing liquidity stress for up
to 1 year, and reserve repos for up to 60 days, with an opportunity to rolls these over, offered to banks.

Jun 8: CBR cut 100 bps to 7.0% while inflation is low and growth slowing. Growth forecast for 2020
lowered to 2.5-3.0% from April forecast of 3.0-4.0%.


UKRAINE
Jan 30: policy rate cut 150 bps to 11.0% and rate to be cut further to 7.0% by end-2020, with the fastest
 pace of cuts in the first half of 2020

Mar 12: policy rate cut 100 bps to 10.0% to boost economy further as inflationary pressures are declining
faster than expected.

Apr 23: policy rate cut 200 bps to 8.0% as inflationary pressures remain moderate and economy requires
substantial support due to adverse impact of quarantine measures on business activity, consumption and
employment.

Jun 11: policy rate cut 200 bps to 6.0% as consumer and investment demand is likely to remain subdued
for longer than expected, keeping inflation below target longer than projected in April. A decrease in the
policy rate below the neutral rate indicates the end of the cycle of rapid monetary easing. 


UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 
Mar 3: repo and deposit rates cut 50 basis points, with the deposit rate now 2.0%

Mar 16: rate on 1-week deposit rate cut 75 bps, in line with the upper bound of the Federal Funds Target
Rate, maintain the repo rate at 50 bps above the 1-week CD rate, lower rate on interim margin lending
facility by 50 bps to 50 bps above the repo rate against CDs.

Apr 5: reserve requirement for demand deposits cut 700 bps to 7.0%, injecting about AED 61 billion,
targeted economic support scheme for affected retail and croporate customers extended and banks
participating in scheme can extend customers' deferrals of principal and interest until Dec. 31, 2020. For
banks participating in TESS, capital buffer relief extended to Dec. 31, 2021. Value of capitalbuffer is
AED 50 billion.


UNITED KINGDOM
Mar 11: Bank Rate cut 50 bps to 0.25%, a new funding scheme (Term Funding Scheme with additional
incentives for SMEs, or TFSME) launched and the countercyclical buffer cut to 0.0% from 1.0 percent
to help businesses and households manage through the economic shock from the outbreak of the
coronavirus which could prove sharp and large but temporary. Funding scheme will offer 4-year funds
over the next 12 months at lending rates that are at, or very close, to the bank rate, and additional
 funding will be available to banks that raise lending to small and medium-sized businesses. This could
provide in excess of 100 billion pounds in funds while the cut in the countercyclical buffer should
support up to 190 billion pounds of bank lending.

Mar 19: bank rate cut 15 bps to 0.10%, holdings of UK government bonds and non-financial investment
 grade corporate bonds under Corporate Bond Purchase Scheme (CBPS), which was originally started in
 Aug. 2016 raised  200 billion pounds to 645 billion, financed by the issuance of central bank reserves.
Majority of additional asset purchases to comprise government bonds and to be completed as soon as
operationally possible. TFSME scheme to be enlarged, also financed by central bank res

Apr 9: BOE and Treasury agree on temporary extension to Ways and Means (W&M) facility, providing
a short-term source of additional liquidity to the government if needed to smooth cashflows and support
 orderly functioning of markets.  W&M functions as the government's overdraft with BOE and
ordinarily there is a standing balance of 0.4 billion pounds to support Exchequer cash management.
W&M has been used on a number of occaiosn since 2000, with the previous high of 19.9 billion pounds
in 2008. Goverment uses markets as primary source of financing and any use of V&M is short term and
any drawings to be repaid before end of year. 

May 1: BOE began CBPS operations on April 7 via 3 operations a week, buying bonds by companies
that make material contribution to economic activity in UK while bonds issued by banks, building
societies, insurance companies not eligible. Sterling corporate bonds with following characteristics to
minimum issue of 100 million pounds and minimum residual maturity of 12 months. 

Jun 18: Target for purchasing assets, UK government bonds, raised 100 billion pounds to a stock of 745
billion pounds as further easing of monetary policy is warranted to meet the statutory objective of 2.0
percent inflation. 
Nov 5: target for purchasing UK government bonds raised 150 billion pounds to stock of 875 billion
 as growth forecast for 2020 slashed to a contraction of 11% due to new lockdown measures.


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
Jan 14: New York Federal Reserve to continue to conduct term and overnight repo operations until Feb. 13.
 On Oct. 11, 2019 NY Fed said it would conduct repo operations at least through Jan. 2020 to ensure the
supply of reserves remains adequate to mitigate the risk of money market pressure that could adversely
affect policy implementation. The amount of two-week repos will be at least $35 billion to Jan. 30,
unchanged since Dec. 19, 2019,  and then drop to $30 billion in the next 4 operations from Feb. 4 to Feb.
 13.Overnight operations from Jan. 15 to Feb. 13 will total at least $120 billion, the same amount as from
 Jan. 3 to Jan. 14. Federal Reserve has described these operations as "technical measures" that do not
represent a change in the stance of monetary policy.
Jan 29: term and overnight repurchase operations to continue "at least through April" to ensure the supply
of reserves remains ample and mitigages the risk that any pressure in the money markets would affect
policy implentation. Interest rate on excess reserves raised 5 bps to 1.60% to foster trading in the federal
 funds market at rates well within the target range.
Feb 14: New York Fed says maximum size of 14-day repo operations to be lowered to at least $25 billion 
from $30 billion from Feb. 18 and then drop further to at least $20 billion through March 12. Aggregate 
amount of overnight operations drops to at least $100 billion from Feb. 14 through March 12, down 
from $120 billion from Jan. 15 through Feb. 13.
Mar 3: fed funds rate cut 50 bps to a range of 1.0% to 1.25% at unscheduled FOMC meeting to support 
employment and price stability as the coronavirus poses evolving risks to economic activity. The Fed is 
closely monitoring developments and their implications for the economic outlook and will use its tools 
and act as appropriate to support the economy 
Mar 9: New York Fed raises maximum size of daily overnight repos to $150 billion from $100 billion 
through Mar 12, 2-week repos on Mar 10 and Mar 12 raised to minimum $45 billion from $20 billion 
to "support smooth functioning of funding markets as market participants implement business resiliency 
plans in response to the coronavirus."
Mar 11: New York Fed raises maximum size of overnight repos to $175 billion from $150 billion from 
Mar. 12 through Apr. 13, and offers three, one-month repos of at least $50 billion from Mar. 12. 
Two-week repos to be conducted twice a week from Mar. 12 through Apr 13 of $45 billion, unchanged 
from previous offering, to ensure smooth functioning of funding markets
Mar 15: fed funds rate cut 100 bps to 0.0% to 0.25% to support economy activity and expects to maintain
 rate until it is confident the economy has weathered recent events. Treasury securities of at least $500 
billion and agency mortgage-backed securities of at least $200 billion to be added to holdings over 
coming months. In coordination with ECB, BOC, BOE, BOJ and SNB, price of standing U.S. dollar 
liquidity swaps cut 25 bps. Primary credit rate in discount window cut 150 bps to 0.25%. Reserve 
requirement ratio cut to 0.0% as reserve requirements no longer play a significant role in the operating 
framework adopted in January 2019 of ample reserves.
Mar 16: New York Fed conducts an additional overnight repo operation for up to $500 billion, with all 
previously planned repos conducted as scheduled
Mar 17: Federal Reserve establishes commercial paper funding facility (CPFF) to support flow of credit 
to households. CPFF provides liquidity backstop to US issuers of commercial paper through a special 
purpose vehicle as CP market has been under considerable strain in recent days as businesses and 
households face greater uncertainty in light of the coronavirus outbreak. The U.S. Treasury provides 
$10 billion of credit protection to the Fed.
Mar 17: Federal Reserve establishes a Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF) to allow primary dealers 
to support smooth market functioning and facilitate the availability of credit to businesses and 
households. PDCF will offer overnight and term funding with maturities up to 90 days and be in place 
for 6 months and may be extended. Dealers may use a broad range of collateral, such as equities, 
municipal bonds, investment grade debt and commerical paper. Interest charged at primary credit rate 
or disount rate.
Mar 17: New York Fed to conduct additional overnight repos each afternoon for the remainder of this 
week for aggreagate amount of $500 billion. In addition, the aggregate amount offered for overnight 
repos conducted each morning for the remainder of this week will increase to $500 billion, and all other 
scheduled repo operations will be conducted as scheduled. Action to ensure supply of reserves remains 
ample and to support smooth functioning of short-term US dollar funding markets.
Mar 18: Federal Reserve of Boston establishes money market mutual fund liquidity facility (MMLF) to
make loans to financial institutions secured by high-quality assets that are bought from money market
mutual funds. MMLF will assist money market funds in meeting demands for redemptions by
households and other investors, enhancing overall market functioning and credit provision to economy.
Mar 19: New York Fed to conduct overnight repo operations each morning for 3 weeks from March 23 to 
April 13 of at least $175 billion
Mar 19: Federal Reserve establishes temporary US dolllar swap lines with central banks of Australia, 
Brazil, Denmark, South Korea, Mexico, Norway, New Zealand, Singapore and Sweden to help lessen 
strains in dollar funding markets. Fed will provide up to $60 billion each for Australia, Brazil, South 
Korea, Mexico, Singapore and Sweden; $30 billion each for Denmark, Norway and New Zealand. 
Swap lines in place for at least 6 months. Fed already has standing liquidity swap lines with Canada, 
UK, Japan, ECB and Switzerland
Mar 23: Federal Reserve announces "extensive new measures" to support flow of credit to households
 and businesses by addressing strains in the markets for Treasuries and agency mortgage-backed
securities. This includes purchases of Treasury securities and agency mortgage-backed securities "in the
 amounts needed to support smooth market functioning and effective transmission of monetary policy,"
purchases of agency commercial mortgage-backed securities will be include in purchases of agency
mortgage-backed securities. Three new facilities also established, providing up to $300 billion in new
financing: A Primary Market Corporate Credit Faciilty (PMCCF) to support new bond and loan issuance
 by large employers; a Secondary Market Corporate Credit Faciilty (SMCCF) to provide liquidity for
outstanding corporate bonds; and the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF) to support
flow of credit to consumers and businesses by enabling the issuance of asset-backed securities backed by
 student loans,  auto loans, credit card loans, loans guaranteed by SBA and certain other assets. To
facilitate flow of credit to municipalities, the Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility (MMLF) to
be expanded to include wider range of securities and Commercial Paper Funding Facility (CPFF) also
expanded, A Main Street Business Lending Program will soon be announced.

Mar 31: Federal Reserve sets up temporary repurchase agreement facility for foreign and international
monetary authorities (FIMA Repo Facility) from April 6 for at least 6 months so foreign central banks
can exchange U.S. Treasury securities for U.S. dollars.

Apr 6: Federal Reserve to set up facility to facilitate lending to small businesses via Small Business
Administration's Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) by providing term financing backed by PPP loans.
Apr 9: Federal Reserve takes additional actions to provide up to $2.3 trillion in loans to assist households
 and employers, and bolster ability of state and local governments to deliver critical services during
coronavirus pandemic. This includes supplying liquidity to financial institutions participating in Small
Business Administration's Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), ensuring credit flows to SMEs with the
purchase of up to $600 billion in loans through Main Street Lending Program, of which the Treasury
will provide $75 billion in equity to the facility, and establishing a municipal liquidity facility that offers
 up to $500 billion.

Apr 17: New York Fed to conduct overnight repo operations each business day and a series of term repos
from April 14 to May 13, with aggregate amounts of $500 billion in the mornings and another $500
 bilion in the afternoons from April 14 to May 1. Term repos will be held on April 20, April 24, April
27, May 4, May 8 and May 11, with maturities ranging from 28 to 84 days and aggregate amounts of
 $500 billion.
 
Apr 27: Federal Reserve expands scope and duration of Municipal Liquidity Facility (MLF). MLF, which
was announced on Apr. 9 as part of initiative to provide up to $2.3 trillion in loans to households,
businesses and communities, will offer up to $500 billion in lending to states and municipalities. 

Apr  30: Federal Reserve expands scope and duration of Main Street Lending Program by creating a third
 loan option and expanding the pool of businesses eligible to borrow.

May 11: New York Fed to begin purchases of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) on May 12 under SMCCF,
decided by FOMC on Mar 23. Purchases to focus on U.S.-listed ETFs that provide broad exposure to
U.S. corporate bonds, mainly investment-grade and some that provides exposure to high-yield. Treasury
 has made $37.5 billion of the $75 billion equitiy investment it will make in the special purpose vehicle
 that has been established for SMCCF and PMCFF, which is expected to become operational. 
 
Jun 8: Main Street Lending program expanded to allow more small and medium-sized businesses to
receive support by lowering the minimum loan amount, raising the maximum loan limit, adjusting the
repayment schedule to begin after two years and exting the term to five years. 

Jun 15: New York Fed to start buying investment grade, corporate bonds on the secondary market on June
 16 under its Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facility (SMCCF). These purchases follow the start
of purchases of exchange-traded funds on May 12.
 
Jul 28: Federal Reserve Board extends through Dec. 31 lending facilities that were scheduled to expire
around Sept. 30 to facilitate planning by potential participants and help the economy recover from
COVID-19 pandemic. The facilities include the primary dealer credit facility, the money market mutual
 fund liquidity facility, the primary market corporate credit facility, the secondary market corporate
credit facility, the term asset-backed securities loan facility, the paycheck protection program liquidity
 facility and the main street lending program. The municipal liquidity facility was already set to expire
on Dec. 31 while the commercial paper funding facility is set to expire on Mar. 17, 2021.
Jul 29: Federal Reserve Board extends temporary US dollar liquidity swap lines and temporary repo
 agreement facility for foreign and international monetary authorities through Mar. 31, 2021. The facilities
 were set up in March this year to ease strains in global dollar funding markets. The extension of the swap
 lines applies to Australia, Brazil, South Korea, Mexico, Singapore, Sweden, Denmark, Norway and New
Zealand. The repo faciity will allow account holders to continue to exchange U.S. Treasury securities held
with the Federal Reserve for U.S. dollars.


UZBEKISTAN
Apr 15: refinancing rate cut 100 bps to 15.0% as inflation is falling faster than expecte due to lower oil
prices and a fall in demand from measures to contain the spread of the coronavirus.

Sept 10: base rate cut 100 bps to 14.0% as an absence of inflationary pressures gave it room to maintain
moderately positive real interest rates and economic activity during the pandemic.

VANUATU
Mar 31: policy interest rate cut 65 bps to 2.25% as preliminary assessments show COVID-19 will have
a significant impact on output and employment, with growth falling to around 1 percent in 2020 from
pre-COVID-19 forecast of 3.8%.

VIETNAM 
Feb 24: credit institutions directed to reschedule debt repayments, exempt and reduce interest rates, 
make new loans to stabilize production and support businesses "due to the impact of the epidemic," 
which has affected production and business activity. 
Mar 17: benchmark refinancing rate cut 100 bps to 5.0%, rediscount rate cut to 3.5% from 4.0%, 
overnight lending rate cut to 6.0% from 7.0% in accordance with macroeconomic developments, 
international financial markets and to solve difficulties for industry and business.
May 13: benchmark refinancing rate cut 50 bps to 4.50%, the overnight lending rate to 5.50% from
6.0%, and the rediscount rate to 3.0% from 3.50%.
Aug 6: interest rate on banks'  deposits with central bank lowered by 20-50 bps. Interest on
dong-denominated compulsory deposits by commercial banks cut to 0.5%  and for non-compulsory
deposits to 0.0%, rate on some state-owned financial institutions' compulsory deposits cut to 0.8%.
Sep 30: refinancing rate cut 50 bps to 4.0% to further stimulate economic activity, maximum rate on
dong deposits from 1 to 6 months cut 25 bps to 4.0%

WEST AFRICAN STATES
JUN 22: key interest rates cut 50 bps, with minimum rate for liquidity injections falling to 2.0% and
the rate on marginal loans to 4.0%, to support the stimulus aimed at restarting economic production. 


ZAMBIA 
May 20: policy rate cut 225 bps to 9.25% to prevent further deterioration in economy that is forecast
to contract 2.6% in 2020 after growth in 2019, the first contration in more than 20 years. Inflation is
seen trending towards upper bound of 6-8% target range.
Aug 19: policy rate cut 125 bps to 8.0% as inflation is expected to steadily decline over the forecast
horizon due to better food supply though it will remain above the target range in the short term.

ZIMBABWE
Mar 26: policy rate cut 1,000 bps to 25.0%, statutory reserve ratio cut 50 bps to 4.5%, medium term
 bank accommodation facilitie to support productive sector raised ZW$1 billion to ZW$2.5 billion to
 finance winter wheat planting, and managed floating exchange rate regime replaced with a fixed
exchange rate regime at current level of ZW$25 to US$, with measure reviewed when markets stabilise
from effects of COVID-19.

Apr 29: policy rate cut 1,000 bps to 15.0% to ensure economy remains on growth path.
Jun 30: policy rate raised 2,000 bps to 35.0% to curb speculative borrowing. 

0 comments:

Post a Comment